Epithelial

Question 1

What are the four types of tissues?

Answer 1

Epithelia
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 2

Three primary germ layers:

Answer 2

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Question 3

General features of epithelia

Answer 3

-little extracellular material
-closely packed cells with specialized junctions
-avascular
-innervated
-apical surface exposed to body or organ cavity
-basal surface attached to basement membrane

Question 4

The process where one cell type changes into a different one:

Answer 4

Metaplasia

Question 5

What are carcinomas?

Answer 5

Tumors that arise from surface epithelia

Question 6

What are adenocarcinomas?

Answer 6

Tumors that arise from glands

Question 7

Functions of epithelia

Answer 7

-prevention of desiccation
-protection
-filtration
-secretion
-absorption
-sensory reception

Question 8

Epithelium that lines cavities that connect to the outer world

Answer 8

muscous membrane

Question 9

Layers of muscous membrane

Answer 9

-ectoderm (endoderm)
-basement membrane
-connective tissue (lamina propria)
-smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae)

Question 10

epithelium that lines closed body cavities

Answer 10

serous membrane

Question 11

Layers of serous membrane

Answer 11

-epithelial lining
-mesothelium
-basement membrane
-connective tissue

Question 12

Four types of apical specialization

Answer 12

-microvilli
-sterocilia
-cilia
-flagella

Question 13

Microvilli

Answer 13

surface specialization to increase cell surface area for absorption or secretion

Question 14

What is the terminal web?

Answer 14

In the basement membrane that anchor the microvilli onto the cell
-made of cytokeratin filaments

Question 15

Stereocilia

Answer 15

very long, non-motile microvilli
-rigid due to core of actin filament
-absorption and secretion

Question 16

Cilia

Answer 16

-mobile, hair-like projections specialized for coordinated movement
-extension of cytoskeleton
-movement of fluids and particulate matter

Question 17

axoneme

Answer 17

core of microtubules
(9+2 doublets)
anchored by basal body

Question 18

Immotile ciliary syndrome

Answer 18

-genetic defect that causes uncoordinated or absent cilia
-recurrent/severe chest infection
-infertility
-hydrocephalus

Question 19

Flagella

Answer 19

spermy

Question 20

lateral surface specializations

Answer 20

-tight junctions
-adhering junctions
-desmosomes
-gap junctions (connexons)

Question 21

Tight junction

Answer 21

fluid tight seals that do not allow anything in the cell or around that part of lateral portion
-present

Question 22

Adherens junctions

Answer 22

fastens cell to one another
-beneath tight junctions
- dense plagues of myosin, tropomyosin, and vinculin
-integrins are also involved

Question 23

Desmosomes

Answer 23

-cytokeratin filaments for shearing forces
-plaques that attach surfaces on opposing membrane
-mediated by transmembrane proteins- desmogleins

Question 24

Hemidesmosome

Answer 24

-basal surface of cell
-anchor to basement membrane of integrins
-plaque and keratin tonofilaments

Question 25

Communicating/gap junctions

Answer 25

allow rapid spread of information -circular connexons in membrane -permit passage of small molecules between adjacent cells

Question 26

Basement membrane

Answer 26

narrow, acellular interface between epithelium and connective tissue

Question 27

Major components of basement membrane

Answer 27

-GAGs (heparan sulfate) -Type IV collagen -structural glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, and entactin)

Question 28

Three layers of basement membrane

Answer 28

-lamina lucida -lamina densa -lamina reticulus

Question 29

Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 29

flat cells and flat nuclei

Question 30

simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 30

one layer of square cells with round nuclei

Question 31

simple columnar epithelium

Answer 31

one layer of rectangle cells with oval nuclei -can have cilia

Question 32

pseudostratified columnar

Answer 32

there is some random cells in random places

Question 33

statified squamous nonkeratinized

Answer 33

multiple layers of flat cells that still have nuclei on the outer most cell

Question 34

stratified squamous keratinized

Answer 34

multiple layers of flat cells that do not have visible nuclei in the top layer of cells

Question 35

stratified cuboidal epilthelium

Answer 35

multiple layers of square looking cells

Question 36

stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 36

multiple layers of rectangle cells

Question 37

Transitional epithelium

Answer 37

allow for stretching of the epithelium -have a cap, dome, or umbrella cells -lots of desmosomes

Question 38

Simple glands

Answer 38

unbranched ducts

Question 39

compound glands

Answer 39

branched ducts

Question 40

Tubular glands

Answer 40

tube like (straight or coiled)

Question 41

Acinar glands

Answer 41

sac-like or flask-shaped

Question 42

Tubuloacinar

Answer 42

intermediate- tube with dilated end

Question 43

Endocrine glands

Answer 43

release straight into the blood stream

Question 44

exocrine glands

Answer 44

release product into ducts

Question 45

goblet cells

Answer 45

specialized, unicellular exocrine glands secrete mucus

Question 46

merocrine

Answer 46

only secretory product released

Question 47

apocrine

Answer 47

secrete membrane bound vesicles; accompanied by some cytoplasm

Question 48

What is the most common type of gland?

Answer 48

Merocrine

Question 49

What type of glands are sweat and mammary glands?

Answer 49

apocrine

Question 50

holocrine

Answer 50

entire cell secreted (ruptures, releases content)

Question 51

What type of glands are sebaceous glands?

Answer 51

holocrine

Question 52

what type of gland is this?

Answer 52

endocrine

Question 53

what types of glands are these?

Answer 53

exocrine

Question 54

what type of gland is this?

Answer 54

merocrine

Question 55

what type of gland is this?

Answer 55

apocrine

Question 56

what type of gland is this?

Answer 56

holocrine