Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the smallest structural and organisational unit of which all living things are built upon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are organelles?

A

Any of the specialised structures in a cell. Each has a specific structure that suits its specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

A

Small
Simple
No true nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
unicellular(often live in colonies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s an example of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria
Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are membrane bound organelles?

A

Organelles that are bound by membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?

A

Large
Complex
Has a nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an example of Eukaryotic cells?

A

Plants
Animal
fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes are always unicellular, while eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms. Eukaryotes have a nucleus whereas prokaryotes do not have a nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

It is a primitive cell characterised by the absence of nucleus, prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles and are exclusively unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an eukaryotic cell?

A

These cells possess a true nucleus and have membrane bound organelles. They are either unicellular or multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  • All organisms consist of cells or products of cells
  • All cells come from preexisting, by the process of cell division
  • Cells are building blocks of life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are living things called? What can they be?

A

All living things are called organisms and they can be either unicellular or multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the basic concept and purpose of a cell?

A

Cells provide the structure of an organism and carry out life process of living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functions of a cell membrane?

A
  • Bilayer of phospholipids
  • Encloses the cytoplasm
  • Controls the movement of substances into and out of cells
  • Responsible for:
    ↳ recognition
    ↳adhesion
    ↳chemical communication
  • Controls what enters and leaves the cell
  • Selects molecules in and out, keeps things inside the cell stable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the functions of cytoplasm?

A
  • Surrounding fluids
  • Provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell.
  • For cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the functions of ribosomes?

A
  • The site of protein synthesis
  • Makes protein
  • Is found on rough E.R or free floating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A
  • Contains genetic material (DNA)
  • Controls the activity of the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the functions of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It may be rough with with ribosome- site of protein synthesis
It my be smooth with no ribosomes
Is involved with the production, processing, transport and storage of materials within the cell
Processes of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the functions of mitochondria?

A

Are involved in cellular respiration where energy is transformed and release be cells
Makes ATP in a process of cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the worded formula for mitochondria?

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the equation for mitochondria?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall?

A
  • Provides support
  • Prevents expansion
  • Attains shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the functions of chloroplast?

A
  • Found only in plant cells
  • They are green as they contain chlorophyll
  • Site of photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the worded formula of photosynthesis?

A

Water + carbon dioxide → glucose oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the worded formula of photosynthesis?

A

Water + carbon dioxide → glucose oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis

A

6H2O + 6CO2 →sunlight→ C2H2O6 + 6O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the functions of vacuoles in plants?

A

Maintains water balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the functions of vacuoles in animals?

A

Help isolate waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the organelles in an animal cell

A

ribosome
mitochondria
Cell membrane
lysosome
cytoskeleton
cytoplasm
nucleus
vacuole
Golgi body
Endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the organelles in a plant cell?

A

ribosome
mitochondria
Cell membrane
Golgi body
chloroplast
cytoskeleton
Nucleus
nucleolus
vacuole
Cell wall
cytoplasm
lysosome
Endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

A stack of flat membrane sacs
Where the final synthesis and packaging of proteins occur
Is linked to the endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the difference between animal and plant cells?

A

Plant cells have a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall; animal cells do not
Plants cells may carry membrane-enclosed organelles called chloroplast; animals do not
Plant cells have a small number of large, permanent vacuoles: animal cells do no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The cells or all bacteria is called prokaryotic cells, they usually have?

A

Have a cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane
Carry DNA in the cytoplasm where it is organised into a single circular chromosome
Contains simper- sub cellular components that lack a membrane
Exist as single cells or are unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What shapes do prokaryotes come in?

A

Spheres, rods and spirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do prokaryotic cells carry DNA without a nucleus?

A

Prokaryotic cells carry DNA in the cytoplasm where it is organised into a singular circular chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the nucleus:

A

Surrounded by a double layer nuclear membrane
Contains pores that allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm
Contains genetic material (DNA)
Controls the activities of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the cell wall?

A

Non-living, cellulose structure
Provides support
Prevents expansion of the cell
Allows water and dissolved substances to pass through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the vacuole?

A

Membrane bound
Found in variable numbers
Contain food, enzymes and fluid
In plant cells, vacuoles are quite large and aid in providing support to the cell
In animals cell they are small and numerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the vesicle?

A

Membrane bound
Associated with the transport of substance within cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the lysosomes?

A

Found in most animal cells
Are membrane bound vesicles
Contain powerful enzymes that break down debris and foreign material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Eukaryotic cells usually:

A

Carry DNA in a nucleus where it is organised into a set of linear chromosomes
Contains a variety of subcellular components called membrane- enclosed organelles
Exist with large number of similar cells by may exist as single cells
Are significantly larger than prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How do eukaryotic cells differ in plants and animal cells?

A
  • Plant cells have a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall; animal cells don’t
  • Plant cells have a small number of large, permanent vacuoles; animal cells do not
  • Plant cells may carry membrane enclosed organelles called chloroplasts; animal cells do not
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What functions do membrane enclosed organelles in eukaryotic cells have?

A
  • Making important biological molecules (eg:protein)
  • Performing biochemical reactions (eg: aerobic cell respiration and photosynthesis)
  • Secretion of substance made by the cell (eg:protein)
  • Removal of wastes (eg: carbon dioxide)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What happens during the process of cellular respiration?

A

The mitochondria creates ATP molecules that provide the energy for all cell and when cells need more energy they will contain more mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Eukaryotic cells usually…

A

Carry DNA in a nucleus where it is organised into a set of linear chromosomes
Contains a variety of subcellular components called membrane enclosed organelles
Much larger than pro cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Is the cell wall membrane-enclosed?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Is the cell membrane membrane-enclosed?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Is cytoplasm membrane-enclosed?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Is ribosome membrane-enclosed?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Is the nucleus membrane-enclosed?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Is rough E.R membrane-enclosed?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Is smooth E.R membrane-enclosed?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Is the golgi body membrane-enclosed?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Is mitochondria membrane-enclosed?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Is vacuole membrane-enclosed?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Is chloroplast membrane-enclosed?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does E.R stand for?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are a few of the functions organelle in eukaryotic cells do?

A
  • Make important biological molecules (protein)
  • Performing biochemical reactions (like aerobic cell respiration and photosynthesis)
  • Removal of substance made by the cell
  • Removal of waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the structural features and special function of ribosomes?

A

Structural feature- tiny non-membrane bound organelle
Special function- site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the structural features and special functions of a cell wall?

A

Structural feature- wall outside of cell membrane, made up of sugars and amino acids
Special function- provide support and structure for the unicellular organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the structural features and special functions of cell membranes?

A

Structural feature- phospholipids and membrane proteins
Special functions- controls entry and exit of materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are the structural features and special function of chromosomes?

A

Structural features- consists of one circular chromosome
Special functions- genetic information of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Is the nucleus in plant or animal cells?

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Is the golgi body in plant or animal cells?

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Is the mitochondria in plant or animal cells?

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Is chloroplast in plant or animal cells?

A

Is chloroplast in plant or animal cells?
Some plant cells only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Are vacuoles in plant or animal cells?

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Is the endoplasmic reticulum in plant or animal cells?

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are the structural features and special functions of the nucleus?

A

Structural features-membrane bound, contains pores
Special functions- contains DNA chromosomes, genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the structural features and special function of golgi bodies?

A

Structural features- stacks of flattened structures
Special functions- packaging and secretion of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are the structural features and special functions of mitochondria?

A

Structural features- double membrane, contains many enzymes
Special functions- site of aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the structural features and special function of chloroplast?

A

Structural features-contains the pigment chlorophyll
Special functions- site of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the structural features and special function of vacuoles?

A

Structural features- larger and more central in plants
Special functions- storage of water and ions in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are the structural features and special function of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Structural features- network of membranous structures in cytoplasm
Special functions- internal transport of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane-enclosed organelles. How it is possible for them to grow, divide and make energy available

A

They do it because…
- Prokaryotic cells contain DNA but not in a nucleus
- They have chemicals for metabolism and transformation of energy
- They are simpler cells with less internal organisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Where would mitochondria be found?

A

Active muscle cells (heart, sperm cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Where would chloroplast be found?

A

In leaves and plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Where would the golgi body be found?

A

In the respiratory tract where they secrete mucus (lungs and trachea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Is the cell wall Prokaryotes?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Is the cell membrane Prokaryotes?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Is the nucleus Prokaryotes?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Is mitochondria Prokaryotes?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Is chloroplast Prokaryotes?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Is the vacuole Prokaryotes?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Is lysosome Prokaryotes?

A

no

85
Q

Is cytoskeleton Prokaryotes?

A

yes

86
Q

Are ribosome Prokaryotes?

A

yes

87
Q

Is E.R Prokaryotes?

A

yes

88
Q

Is the cell wall in eukaryotes cells for animals or plants?

A

plant

89
Q

Is the cell membrane eukaryotic cells for animals or plants?

A

both

90
Q

Is the nucleus eukaryotes cells for animals or plants?

A

both

91
Q

Are mitochondria eukaryotic cells for animals or plants?

A

both

92
Q

Are chloroplast eukaryotic cells for animals or plants?

A

plant

93
Q

Are vacuole eukaryotic cells for animals or plants?

A

both

94
Q

Is lysosome eukaryotic cells for animals or plants?

A

both

95
Q

Are cytoskeleton eukaryotic cells for animals or plants?

A

both

96
Q

Are ribosome eukaryotes cells for animals or plants?

A

both

97
Q

Are E.R eukaryotes cells for animals or plants?

A

both

98
Q

What is the cell requirement?

A

When cells required energy for different functions

99
Q

What are the three functions of cell requirement in detail?

A

movement
- Most cells can move or change shape
synthesis
- Cells require energy to break down and build up molecules
Stable internal environment
- Cells need activity regulate concentration for various subraces in cells

100
Q

What are energy producers?

A

Organisms which are capable of producing their own energy and are called autotrophs

101
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that are able to produce their own energy

102
Q

What are the two different types of autotrophs?

A

Chemosynthetic autotrophs
Photosynthetic autotrophs

103
Q

What are chemosynthetic autotrophs?

A

Derive their energy from inorganic sources such as sulphur or ammonia (come bacteria are chemosynthetic)

104
Q

What are photosynthetic autotrophs

A

Convert light energy into chemical energy (eg, plants- in plants photosynthesis takes place in membrane- bound organelles called chloroplast)

105
Q

What are chloroplasts filled with?

A

Chloroplasts are filled with a green pigment called chlorophyll. This is what gives plants their green colour

106
Q

In photosynthetic bacteria the reaction…

A

Of photosynthesis takes place within the cell itself, not within a discrete organelles

107
Q

Where is chloroplast located in plant leafs?

A

In the plant cells in the upper surface of leaves have chloroplast

108
Q

What happens through photosynthesis

A

Through this process the plants can make glucose (sugar) and as a byproduct, it produces oxygen

109
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis?

A

It is the process of transforming sunlight energy into chemical energy

110
Q

What is photosynthesis produced?

A
  • Energy for use by the autotroph and for use later down the food chain
  • Oxygen gas is essential for the survival of advanced life forms
111
Q

Where is aerobic respiration?

A

It is in the mitochondria located in both plants and animals

112
Q

What formula is thisC6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

A

Aerobic respiration

113
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

114
Q

What is the word formula for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ ATP made)

115
Q

Aerobic respiration is with ______?

A

oxygen

116
Q

Anaerobic respiration is ______________?

A

fermentation

117
Q

Anaerobic respiration is with ______?

A

Out oxygen

118
Q

What is the plant equation for Anaerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 ⟶ 2C2H5OH + CO2 + ATP

119
Q

What is the plant’s worded equation for Anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose →ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

120
Q

What is the surface area to volume ratio in a cell membrane?

A

Cells need to exchange materials for survival
The more efficiently the exchange, the better the chance of survival
Cells make exchange efficient by increasing the surface area to volume

121
Q

Where do cells exchange materials?

A

Cells exchange material with the part of the cell in contact with the environment
This occurs through the cell membrane

122
Q

The cell membrane is semi permeable:

A

This means that only certain molecules can cross in certain ways

123
Q

The cell membrane is impermeable to:

A
  • Water soluble molecules
  • Ions (overall positive and negative charge)
  • Polar molecules
124
Q

The cell membrane is permeable to:

A

Lipids soluble substance of various sizes
Tiny molecules such as water or urea
Small uncharged molecules

125
Q

What are the hydrophilic heads of the cell membrane?

A

These are in constant contact with water later in the extra (outside) cellular fluid and the cytoplasm

126
Q

What are the hydrophobic tails of the cell membrane?

A

These are arranged together protected on both sides by the hydrophilic heads

127
Q

What do lipid molecules do?

A

What do lipid molecules do?
They can pass by molecules that are the same

128
Q

What can small molecules do?

A

(even water) can pass as they can get by without touching the lipids tails

129
Q

What is water soluble?

A

It is the molecules cannot pass through the middle of the membrane as the middle does not like water

130
Q

What are Ions and polar molecules in a cell membrane?

A

Interacted with water but are unable to interact with non polar lipids so also cannot pass through the middle membrane

131
Q

How do water solubles, ions and polar molecules travel as they can not pass directly through the membrane?

A
  • Through the protein channels
  • These span the whole membrane and are called transmembrane proteins
  • These use active transport
132
Q

How is cholesterol a component of the cell membrane?

A

Increases the stability (maintaining structure) and fluidity of the cell membrane

133
Q

How are carbohydrates a component of the cell membrane?

A

It allows the cells communications and adhesion between cells

134
Q

What is the movement of molecules?

A
  • Every cell is surrounded by a cell membrane that is selectively permeable
  • The membrane structure allows substances to cross it by 2 means- active and passive transport
135
Q

What is passive transport?

A
  • Diffusion and osmosis
  • Allows movement of substances like wat and gases in and out of the cell without the use of energy
136
Q

What is active transport?

A

Ion pumps, exocytosis, pinocytosis and phagocytosis

137
Q

What are substances in the cell molecules eg sucrose?

A
  • The are too big to pass through the membrane
  • Have unfavourable characteristics to pass through the membrane
  • Are being moved against their concentration gradient
138
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

Is exists whenever two areas have different concentrations of a substance

139
Q

All movement of the molecules required?

A

Additional energy

140
Q

What is fermentation?

A

It is produced by ATP by producing energy released by breaking down glucose without oxygen

141
Q

What are the two different types of fermentations?

A

Alcohol and lactic acid fermentation

142
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation occur

A

In animal cells where there are insufficient quantities of oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration nay faster

143
Q

What is autotroph?

A

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals

144
Q

What is heterotroph?

A

an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

145
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesise nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.

146
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is defined as a metabolic process wherein, the living cells of an organism obtains energy

147
Q

What is fermentation?

A

the process in which a substance breaks down into a simpler substance

148
Q

What is metabolic waste?

A

the end products of metabolism or protein metabolism. These products are toxic and has to be eliminated from the body

149
Q

What is excretion?

A

the process by which organisms expel metabolic waste products and other toxic substances from their body.

150
Q

What is urea?

A

reacting natural gas, atmospheric nitrogen and water together at high temperature and pressure to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide.

151
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Organic molecules are molecules that are made of carbon and hydrogen, and can include other elements.

152
Q

What are inorganic materials?

A

Inorganic materials are defined as chemical compounds that contain no carbon

153
Q

What is chemoautotroph?

A

Chemoautotrophs are organisms that obtain their energy from a chemical reaction

154
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

a photosynthetic organism that utilises energy from light to synthesise organic molecules.

155
Q

What is the surface area to volume ratio for cells?

A
  • Cells need to exchange materials for survival
  • The more efficient the exchange the better the chance of survival is
  • Cells make exchange efficient by increasing their surface area to volume ratio
156
Q

How do cells exchange material?

A

With the parts of the cell in contact with the environment- this occurs through the cell membrane

157
Q

What is semi-permeable, give an example of where it would happen?

A

Semi-permeable means that inly certain molecules can cross in certain ways- this happens in the cell membrane

158
Q

Cell membranes are impermeable to….

A
  • Water soluble molecules
  • Ions (overall positive & negative charge)
  • Polar molecules (no overall charge)
159
Q

Cell membranes are permeable to….

A
  • Lipids soluble substances of various sizes
    -Tiny molecules such as water or urea
    -Small uncharged molecules
160
Q

What’s hydrophobic tails and where are they located?

A

They are arranged together protected on both sides by the hydrophilic heads. It is the cell membrane.

161
Q

Can lipid molecules pass through the Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails?

A

It can pass by molecules that are the same

162
Q

Can small molecules pass through the Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails?

A

(even water) can pass as they can get by without touching the lipid tails

163
Q

What is water soluble:

A

Molecules cannot pass through the middle of the membrane as the middle does not like water

164
Q

What are ions and polar molecules?

A

Interact with water but are unable to interact with non polar lipids so they can also cannot pass through the middle of the membrane

165
Q

Since water solubles, ions and polar molecules ____?

A

Cannot pass directly through the membrane, they can use protein channels

166
Q

Protein channels span the whole membrane and are called??

A

Transmembrane proteins- they uses active transport

167
Q

What is cholesterol in the membrane?

A

Is the increases of the stability (maintaining structure) and fluidity of the cell membrane

168
Q

What are carbohydrates in the cell membrane?

A

Allows cells communications and adhesion between cells

169
Q

What is every cell surrounded by?

A

A cell membrane that is selectively permeable

170
Q

What does the membrane structure allow?

A

It allows substances to cross it by 2 means:
- Passive transport
- Active transport

171
Q

What is passive transport?

A

It is diffusion and osmosis
- It allows the movement of substance (eg, water and gases) in and out of the cell without the us of energy

172
Q

What is active transport?

A

Ion pumps, exocytosis, pinocytosis and phagocytosis

173
Q

Substances like sucrose are…..?

A
  • Are too big to pass through the membrane
  • Have unfavourable characteristics to pass through the membrane
  • Are being moved against their concentration gradient
174
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

It exists whenever two areas have different concentration of the substance

175
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

Fluid- the phospholipid bilayer- this can move around the cell membrane like liquid
Mosaic- it is all these little random hard structures floating around the cell membrane

176
Q

What does solute mean?

A

The substance being dissolved

177
Q

What does solvent mean?

A

The substance doing the dissolving

178
Q

What does the solution mean?

A

A combination of a soluble solute and solvent

179
Q

What is diffusion?

A

It’s the passive movement of a solute from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane until equilibrium is reached (have to remember word for word)

180
Q

What is osmosis (passive transport)?

A

It’s the passive movement of a water (solvent) from a region of a high concentration to a region of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane until equilibrium is mede (have to remember word for word)

181
Q

Osmosis is the _____?

A

Passive movement of a water (solvent) from a region of low solute (high water) concentration to a region of high solute (low water) concentration

182
Q

What is active transport using trans-membrane protein?

A

Active transport requires the use of energy to move molecules

183
Q

When are Trans-membrane proteins used when molecules?

A
  • Are too big (with or against a concentration gradient)
  • Need to move against their concentration gradient
  • From low to high concentration
184
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Moving into the cell

185
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Solid particles

186
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

Liquid particles

187
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

It is selected solutes that go from high concentration to low concentration across the across the semipermeable membrane through the protein until equilibrium is reached

188
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

It is selected solutes that go from high concentration to low concentration across the across the semipermeable membrane through the protein until equilibrium is reached

189
Q

What is passive movement?

A

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

190
Q

What is active movement?

A

Active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

191
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

When h2O exits the plant cell

192
Q

What is isotonic?

A

When H2O enters and exits the plant cell

193
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

When H2O enters the plant cell

194
Q

Diffusion is ….?

A

is the passive movement of a solute from
a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.

195
Q

Why can CO2 be considered a metabolic waste product from human cells but not from plant cells?

A

Carbon dioxide is a by-product from aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide in plants is a raw material for photosynthesis

196
Q

Name three factors that may alter the rate of photosynthesis with a short explanation

A
  • Temperature will affect the rate of chemical reaction within the cells
  • Light intensity is important because light provides energy for photosynthesis
  • Carbon dioxide level is important since it is a raw material for the process
197
Q

Why do cells need to exchange materials?

A

Cells must exchange materials with their external environment to survive; for example glucose and oxygen are obtained from the external environment

197
Q

Why do cells need to exchange materials?

A

Cells must exchange materials with their external environment to survive; for example glucose and oxygen are obtained from the external environment

198
Q

What are some materials exchanged across the cell membrane?

A

-Gases
-Nutrients
-Waste procust

199
Q

What are factors that can affect whether a substance will pass across the cell membrane?

A

Size- only small molecules are freely exchanged
Charge- ions, can only be exchanged if specific membrane proteins called membrane transport proteins
Solubility in water- water and hydrophilic molecules can only be exchanged if specific membrane transport proteins are used too

200
Q

What is passive transport?

A

According to the kinetic model, atoms and molecules are in a state of constant, random motion, this causes them to collide so often there is a gradual net movement away from where the atoms or molecules are most concentrated to where they are least concentrated this is called passive transport.

201
Q

What is an example of passive transport?

A

The movement of water across membranes between regions that have different solute concentrations is another example of passive transport.

202
Q

What factors affect the rate of exchange of materials at the cell membrane?

A

-Surface area to volume ratio of cell
-Concentration gradient (or the solute concentration gradient)
-Nature of the material being exchanged
-temperature

203
Q

Why is active transport called active transport?

A

This is because it involves expenditure or energy. Iron are continuously exchanged across membranes by active transport

204
Q

Why is active transport called active transport?

A

This is because it involves expenditure or energy. Iron are continuously exchanged across membranes by active transport

205
Q

What are some metabolic waste products?

A

Carbon dioxide
urea

206
Q

What are the three differences between active transport and passive transport?

A
  • Active transport requires energy whereas passive transport does not
  • Active transport move substance from low to high concentration whereas passive does no
  • Active transport will move substance that do not normally diffuse
207
Q

What are two properties of cell membrane that determine why the membrane is selectively permeable? (Q6)

A
  • They are made of phospholipid bilayer and tends to accept lipid-soluble molecules
  • The channels or membrane proteins do not allow large molecules to pass through
208
Q

What are two properties of cell membrane that determine why the membrane is selectively permeable? (Q6)

A
  • They are made of phospholipid bilayer and tends to accept lipid-soluble molecules
  • The channels or membrane proteins do not allow large molecules to pass through
209
Q

What are two useful substances that are secreted from cells? (Q3)

A

Hormones- eg; insulin is involved in the control of blood sugar concentration
Mucus; used in the body defence by trapping pathogens

biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions