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biology > Circulatory and Respiratory system > Flashcards

Circulatory and Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is exchange of gases

A
  • its the exchange of gases between internal and external environments at the exchange surface located in the alveoli
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2
Q

how does the respiratory facilitates the exchange

A

it does this by moving the external environment to/from the alveoli

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3
Q

what is exchange bu diffusion

A

this happens because the air in the alveoli is in close contact to the close environment

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4
Q

what is ventilation?

A

it is movement of air in/out of the alveoli as the air moves into the lungs and alveoli is inhalation

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5
Q

when does ventilation occur in the respiratory system?

A
  • when the air pressure inside the lungs is lower than the air pressure outside the lungs, this is by contracting the diaphragm and the muscles that move the diaphragm downwards
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6
Q

what is it called when air moves out of the lungs

A

exhalation

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7
Q

why do people exhale?

A

when the pressure in our lungs is greater than the pressure outside of our lungs moving the diaphragm upwards

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8
Q

what is gas exchange in alveoli

A

the exchange of gases is by diffusion and in facilitated

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9
Q

what are the two ways gas is facilitated in the alveoli?

A
  • each lung has a huge number of alveoli which creates a large surface area
    -outside of surface or alveoli is cover with lots of capillaries that transport blood
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10
Q

what does inhaled air into the alveoli do?

A

it causes the concentration to increase of oxygen in red blood cells flowing thought the capillaries

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11
Q

what does exhaling air cause in alveoli?

A

it causes the carbon dioxide concentration in the alveoli to fall below the capillary carbon dioxide concentration.the results in carbon dioxide being diffused out of the blood plasma and into the alveoli.

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12
Q

what is the total volume of lungs

A

5 liters this is know as lung capacity

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13
Q

what is tidal volume

A

it is when a person is breathing at rest they will use 10% of their lung capacity

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14
Q

what is vital capacity

A

during forced breathing (exercise) the tidal volume increases. the maximum tidal volume is called vital capacity.

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15
Q

what is the residual volume

A

when breathing out not all oxygen leaves the lungs the small amount left is called residual volume

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16
Q

what is breathing rate

A

the number of breaths per minute is breathing rate

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17
Q

what is breathing

A

breathing is also know as ventilation and is the physical act on inhalation and exhalation of the air in and out of our lungs. it the mechanical process that involves the movement of respiratory muscles.

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18
Q

what is respiration

A

its the vital process of extracting energy from organic molecules through metabolic reactions inside cells, creating ATP.

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19
Q

what nutrients do cells need

A

cells need glucose, amino acids, water and oxygen

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20
Q

what do cells need to remove

A

waste like carbon dioxide and nitrogen

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21
Q

what are the two ways cells remove waste

A
  • in unicellular organisms this is done by diffusion because the distance substances need to move into/out of the organisms
  • multicellular organisms require an internal transport system to meet the needs of their cell
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22
Q

what is inhalation

A

the movement of air into the lungs and alveoli. Air is inhaled when the air pressure in lungs is lower tgab tge outside. Achieved by cpntraction of the intercostal muscles that moves the diaphram downwards

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23
Q

what happens in a sinuese

A

this is where materials are exchanged between haeomolymph and cells

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24
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A
  • its the fluid movement completely confined to tubes
  • bloods pumped through arteries by a heart before passing through ting blood vessels next to cells called capillaries
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25
Q

what is exhalation

A

the movement of air out of the lungs and alveoli. Exhalled when pressure is higher outside than it is inside and alveoli. Achieved by relaxing of intercostal muscles causing the diaphram to move upwards.

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26
Q

how is blood taken to the heart in a closed circulatory system

A

it is taken back by veins

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27
Q

what is the circulatory system

A

this carries blood to/from the lungs and the system circulation moves blood to/from all the other organs

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28
Q

what is the respiratory system

A

the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.

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29
Q

who have a closed circulatory system

A

humans and other mammals have chambered hearts and double circulation system

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30
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

carries blood to and from the lungs

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31
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

moves blood to/ from all other organs

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32
Q

what is oxygenated blood

A

blood that leaves the lungs, flows into the left side of the heart as is pumped out to organs, carries high concentration of oxygen and low concentration of carbon dioxide

33
Q

what is deoxygenated blood

A

its returned from organs to the right side of the heart to be pumped to the lungs, low concentration of oxygen but high concentration of carbon dioxide

34
Q

how do the muscles in the heart work

A

they are supplied with oxygenated blood by coronary arteries and deoxygenated blood leaves cardiac muscles in coronary veins

35
Q

what is the aorta

A

it is the largest artery in the body. the aorta begin at the top of the left ventricle, the hearts muscular pumping chamber

36
Q

what is the right atrium

A

it receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cave and pumps it into the right ventricle which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated

37
Q

what is the inferior vena cava

A

it is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart.

38
Q

what is the right ventricle

A

it receives deoxygenated blood form the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary circulation

39
Q

what is the heart muscles

A

it is one of three types of vertebrate muscles with the other two being skeletal and smooth muscle

40
Q

what is the left ventricle

A

it is the thickest of the heart’s chambers and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues all over the body

41
Q

what is the left atrium

A

its primary role is to act as holding chambers for blood returning from the lungs and acts as a pump to transport blood around the heart

42
Q

what is the pulmonary veins

A

the veins that transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

43
Q

what is the pulmonary artery

A

it carries the deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

44
Q

what does the double circulation system consist of

A

it consists of the pulmonary circulation that carries blood to/from the lungs and the systemic circulation that moves blood to/from all other organs

45
Q

what is the process of oxygenated blood?

A

lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrum –> mitral valuce –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta

46
Q

structure of arteries

A
  • tough outer layer and thick middle layer
  • middle layer is elastic
  • narrow lumen
47
Q

function of arteries

A
  • transport blood at high pressure without leaking or bursting
  • helps pumps blood
  • maintains high blood pressure
48
Q

structure of capillaries

A
  • tough outer layer
  • wide lumen
  • valves
49
Q

function of lumen

A
  • returns blood at low pressure to the heart
  • reduce resistance to blood flow back to the heart
  • prevent back flow of blood
50
Q

structure of capillary

A
  • wall one thick cell
  • very narrow lumen making them very small
51
Q

function fo capillary

A
  • reduce distance for exchange of materials
  • can pass very close to cell reducing the distance for material exchange
52
Q

blood plasma composition

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • hormones
  • plasma proteins
  • nitrogen contains waste
  • antibodies
53
Q

function of blood plasma

A
  • transport to cells for metabolic processes (aerobic respiration)
  • transport to lungs for excretion from the body
    transmit chemical messages to organs to maintain a stable internal environment
54
Q

cells composition

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
55
Q

function of cells

A
  • transport of oxygen to all cells for aerobic respiration
    -contributes to the clotting of blood
56
Q

what is tissue fluids

A
  • it a watery fluid distinct from the blood surrounding body cells
  • it brings nutrients and oxygen to the cell and removes waste products
  • it pumps blood into the aorta and transport in arteries
  • it is pushes out of the capillaries at high pressure
57
Q

what do arteries divide into

A

they divide into small arterioles and into a network of capillaries

58
Q

what si the exchange of material in tissue

A
  • it contains water and nutrients from food slats and amino acids
  • the waste is diffused down the concentration gradient into the cells
59
Q

How does residual volume differ from tidal volume?

A

Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled in a single, normal breath. while residual volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after forceful respiration.

60
Q

what is blood?

A

blood, fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products. Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

61
Q

What happens to respiration if the alveoli are damaged?

A

makes it harder to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen during each breath. Decreased levels of oxygen in the blood and increased levels of carbon dioxide cause the breathing muscles to contract harder and faster.

62
Q

What happens to the air pressure in the lungs when exhaling?

A

the pressure within it increases

63
Q

functions of the trachea

A

carry air in and out of your lungs.

64
Q

functions of the bronchus

A

distribute the air throughout the lungs until reaching the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

65
Q

functions of the bronchiole

A

to further warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air and distribute it to the gas-exchanging zone of the lung.

66
Q

functions of the diaphragm

A

helps you inhale and exhale (breathe in and out).

67
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein?

A

Your pulmonary veins carry blood from your heart to your lungs while the arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from your heart to your lungs

68
Q

Which side of the heart generates more pressure?

A

left side - The left ventricle pumps blood at higher pressures compared to the rest of the other heart chambers, as it faces a much higher workload and mechanical afterload.

69
Q

What is the structure that facilitates gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Gas exchange takes place in the millions of alveoli in the lungs and the capillaries that envelop them.

70
Q

what makes up an organism

A

Cells
Genetic Material (DNA/RNA)
Organelles
Tissues (in multicellular organisms)
Organs (in multicellular organisms)
Organ Systems (in multicellular organisms)
Body Fluids
Energy Source
Metabolism
Reproduction
Growth and Development
Homeostasis

71
Q

Asthma: identify the causes / factors which contribute to the disease,
describe the specific biological changes to the structures in the respiratory system,
state impact of ability to breath and carry out gas exchange.

A

Causes/Factors:
Genetics, Allergic Reactions, Occupational Exposures, Obesity

Biological Changes:
Airway Inflammation, Bronchoconstriction, Mucus Production

Impact on Breathing and Gas Exchange:
Breathing Difficulty, Reduced Gas Exchange

72
Q

materials required by cells

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals.

73
Q

waste excreted by cells

A

carbon dioxide

74
Q

structure of capillary, artery, veins

A

artery: Thick, muscular walls; elastic fibers
vein: Thinner walls with less muscle; valves
capillary: Extremely thin walls, one cell layer thick

75
Q

function of capillary, artery, veins

A

artery: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
vein: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart
capillary; Facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste

76
Q

direction of blood flow in capillary, artery, veins

A

artery: Away from the heart
vein: Toward the heart
capillary: both toward and away

77
Q

pressure in vessel in capillary, artery, veins

A

artery: High (due to forceful contraction of the heart)
vein: lower (compared to arteries)
capillary: low (allows for diffusion of substances)

78
Q

what are three feature on the surface to help diffusion

A
  • thin
  • moist
  • large SA

biology (8 decks)

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