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Cells Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

1665 - Cells discovered by ____________

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

1670s - they described single-celled organisms
• Referred to them as “animacules”

A

Marcello Malpighi and Nehemiah Grew

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3
Q

1809 – __________ said “No body can have life if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue.”

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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4
Q

1824 – ___________ concluded that all plant and animal and plant tissues are made of cells
• Reinforced Lamarck’s statement

A

Rene J.H. Dutrochet

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5
Q

1831 - He discovered the nucleus

A

Robert Brown

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6
Q

_________ discovered the nucleolus shortly after Brown’s discovery.

A

Matthias Schleiden

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7
Q

1838 - __________ formulated the Cell Theory

A

Schleiden and Theodor Schwan

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8
Q

Cell Theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells and cells form a unifying structural basis of organization. True or false?

A

True

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9
Q

1858 - He argued there is no spontaneous generation of cells.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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10
Q

• 1862 - experimentally disproved spontaneous generation
• 1871 - concluded that natural alcoholic fermentation always involves the activity of yeast.

A

Louis Pasteur

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11
Q

1897 – He accidentally discovered that fermentation could occur without living yeast cells
• Extracts from cell contained the necessary enzymes

A

Eduard Buchner

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12
Q

Increase magnification as light passes through a series of transparent lenses made of glass or calcium fluoride crystals

A

Light Microscope

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13
Q

Light passes through thinly sliced material. In general, it can distinguish organelles 2 micrometers or larger in diameter. Can magnify up to 1500x

A

Compound Microscope

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14
Q

Also known as stereomicroscopes. Allow three-dimensional viewing of opaque objects and can magnify up to 30x

A

Dissecting Microscopes

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15
Q

Use a beam of electrons produced when high-voltage electricity is passed through a wire. Includes transmission and scanning electron microscopes.

A

Electron Microscope

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16
Q

Up to 200,000x magnification, but material must be sliced extremely thin

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

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17
Q

Up to 10,000x magnification. Surface detail can be observed on thick objects.

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

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18
Q

-Uses a probe that tunnels electrons upon a sample. It produces a map of sample surface. Even atoms can become discernible. First picture of DNA segment showing helical structure

A

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

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19
Q

Cells lack a nucleus. For ex., bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

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20
Q

Cells contain a nucleus.
• Unicellular eukaryotes, fungi, plants, and animals
• Organelles - Membrane-bound bodies found within eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic

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21
Q

It surrounds protoplasm

A

Cell wall

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22
Q

It consists of all living cell components

A

Protoplasm

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23
Q

It consists of all cellular components between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

Fluid within cytoplasm containing organelles

A

Cytosol

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25
Persistent structures of various shapes and sizes with specialized functions. Most, but not all, are bound by membranes.
Organelles
26
Cells of higher plants generally vary in length between ___ and ___ micrometers
10 and 100 micrometers
27
Increase in surface area of a spherical cell is equal to the square of its increase in diameter, but its increase in volume is equal to the cube of its increase in diameter. True or false?
True
28
Smaller cells have relatively large surface to volume ratios enabling slower and less efficient cellular communication. True or false?
False, it enables faster and more efficient cellular communication.
29
Main structural component of cell walls is what?
Cellulose
30
Holds cellulose fibrils together
Hemicellulose
31
Gives stiffness (like in fruit jellies) in cell wall
Pectin
32
Are proteins with associated sugars
Glycoprotein
33
It is first produced when new cell walls are formed. Shared by two adjacent cells
Middle lamella
34
Flexible ________________ are laid down on either side of the middle lamella. Consists of a fine network of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins
Primary Cell Wall
35
These are produced inside primary walls.
Secondary walls
36
Derived from primary walls by thickening and inclusion of lignin
Secondary wall
37
Cellulose microfibrils embedded in lignin as permeability barrier. True or false?
False, they are embedded in lignin for strength
38
Fluids and dissolved substances can pass through primary walls of adjacent cells via what?
Plasmodesmata
39
These are cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells through minute openings.
Plasmodesmata
40
The semipermeable outer boundary of the living part of the cell.
Plasma Membrane
41
• Regulates movement of substances into and out of cell • Composed of phospholipid bilayer, with proteins interspersed throughout
Plasma Membrane
42
This is a dynamic structure
Fluid mosaic model
43
It is the control center of cell and contains DNA. It sends coded messages from DNA to be used in other parts of the cell
Nucleus
44
Bound by two membranes, which together constitute the nuclear envelope. Structurally complex pores occupy up to one-third of the total surface area --- permit only certain kinds of molecules to pass between nucleus and cytoplasm
Nucleus
45
Contains fluid nucleoplasm which provides a medium for nucleoli and chromatin strands
Nucleus
46
Coil and become chromosomes
Nucleus
47
It is enclosed space consisting of a network of flattened sacs and tubes forming channels throughout the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
48
Facilitates cellular communication and channeling of materials. Synthesizes membranes for other organelles and modifies proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
49
Ribosomes distributed on outer surface of ER. Associated with protein synthesis and storage
Rough ER
50
Devoid of ribosomes and associated with lipid secretion
Smooth ER
51
Consists of two subunits that are composed of RNA and proteins
Ribosomes
52
Links amino acids to construct complex proteins. Subunits assembled in nucleolus. It may occur on outside of rough ER, or in cytoplasm, chloroplasts or other organelles. No bounding membranes
Ribosomes
53
The golgi bodies in animals. They are stacks of flattened discs or vesicles
Dictyosomes
54
Modifes carbohydrates attached to proteins that are synthesized and packaged in the ER. They assemble polysaccharides and collect them in small vesicles.
Dictyosomes
55
______ are the most conspicuous plastids.
Chloroplasts
56
Bound by double membrane and contain grana, stroma, and small circular DNA molecule.
Plastids
57
They are made up of thylakoids
Grana
58
Thylakoid membranes contain ___
chlorophyll
59
First steps of photosynthesis occur where?
thylakoid membranes
60
Matrix of enzymes involved in photosynthesis
Stroma
61
Encodes for production of certain proteins for photosynthesis
Small circular DNA molecule
62
Synthesize and accumulate carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)
Chromoplasts
63
• Colorless • May synthesize starches (amyloplasts) • Or oils (elaioplasts)
Leucoplasts
64
All types of plastids develop from proplastids. True or false?
True
65
It releases energy produced from cellular respiration. It is bound by two membranes and has a matrix that includes DNA and RNA
Mitochondria
66
The inward membrane in mitochondira forms numerous folds called ______
cristae
67
They are small, spherical bodies distributed throughout the cytoplasm that contain specialized enzymes and it is bound by a single membrane.
Microbodies
68
Serve in photorespiration
Peroxisomes
69
Aid in conversion of fat to carbohydrates
Glyoxisomes
70
In mature cells, 90% of volume may be taken up by _____
Central Vacuoles
71
Bounded by vacuolar membranes, tonoplasts and are filled with watery fluid called cell- sap
Vacuoles
72
Contains dissolved substances, such as salts, sugars, organic acids and small proteins. Also frequently contains water-soluble pigments called anthocyanins (red, blue, purple)
Cell sap (Vacuoles)
73
Maintenance of cell pressure and pH, storage of numerous cell metabolites and waste products.
Cell sap (vacuoles)
74
Involved in movement within cell and in cell’s architecture. Network of microtubules and microfilaments
Cytoskeleton
75
Are thin, hollow, tubelike and composed of tubulins (proteins). It controls addition of cellulose to cell wall and is involved in movement of flagella and cilia. It can be found in fibers of spindles and phragmoplasts in dividing cells
Microtubules
76
Role in cytoplasmic streaming
Microfilaments
77
Orderly series of events when cells divide
Cell cycle
78
Occupies up to 90% of cell's cycle. The period when cells are not dividing
Interphase
79
Part of the interphase where cell increases in size.
G1 Phase
80
Part of interphase where DNA replication takes place.
S phase
81
Part of interphase where mitochondria and other organelles divide, and microtubules are produced.
G2 Phase
82
It refers to the process of cellular division.
Mitosis
83
Produces two daughter cells with equal amounts of DNA and other substances duplicated during interphase. Each daughter cell is an exact copy of the parent cell.
Mitosis
84
Where does mitosis occur in plants?
Meristems
85
4 phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
86
Spindle fibers (microtubules) become attached to the kinetochore and anchored to two poles of the cell. Nuclear envelope dissociates and nucleolus disintegrates
Prophase
87
Chromosomes align between the poles around the circumference of the spindle at the cell’s equator.
Metaphase
88
Sister chromatids separate in unison and are pulled to opposite poles, with centromeres leading the way.
Anaphase
89
Each group of daughter chromosomes become surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
Telophase
90
It develops between daughter cell nuclei and is a complex of microtubules and ER.
Phragmoplast

Botany (11 decks)

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