Stems

Question 1

It is a large source of wood and has a wide variety of application.

Answer 1

Stems

Question 2

Artificially uniting stems of related varieties of plants. It has been used by humans for centuries.

Answer 2

Grafting

Question 3

Consists of an axis with attached leaves

Answer 3

Woody twig

Question 4

if leaves are attached alternately.

Answer 4

Alternate

Question 5

if attached in pairs.

Answer 5

Opposite

Question 6

if in groups of three or more.

Answer 6

Whorled

Question 7

It is the arrangment of leaves

Answer 7

Phyllotaxy

Question 8

Area of stem where leaves are attached

Answer 8

Node

Question 9

They are regions between nodes.

Answer 9

Internodes

Question 10

Leaf has a flattened blade and is usually attached to the twig in stipules. True or false?

Answer 10

False, it is attached by petioles.

Question 11

Angle between petiole and stem

Answer 11

Axil

Question 12

_____ are in axil. It will become branches or flowers in flowering plants

Answer 12

Axillary buds

Question 13

______ protect buds.

Answer 13

Bud scales

Question 14

● Found at twig tips
● Growth makes twig longer.

Answer 14

Terminal buds

Question 15

Number of groups of bud scale scars tells age of twig. True or false?

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Paired, often leaflike appendages at base of a leaf. It protects the growing bud

Answer 16

Stipules

Question 17

Plants that lose all leaves annually. They have dormant axillary buds with leaf scars below

Answer 17

Deciduous plants

Question 18

Marks food and water conducting tissue within leaf scars

Answer 18

Bundle scars

Question 19

● Contributes to increase in stem length
● Dormant before growing season begins

Answer 19

Apical meristem

Question 20

Leaf primordia are tiny embryonic leaves that develop into mature leaves. While bud primordia are embryonic buds in the axils of the leaf primordia. True or false?

Answer 20

True

Question 21

It gives rise to epidermis

Answer 21

Protoderm

Question 22

It produces primary xylem and phloem

Answer 22

Procambium

Question 23

It produces pith and cortex.

Answer 23

Ground meristem

Question 24

Strands of xylem and phloem

Answer 24

Traces

Question 25

Narrow band of cells between the primary xylem and primary phloem may become ___________

Answer 25

vascular cambium

Question 26

It cuts off water and food to epidermis

Answer 26

Cork Tissue

Question 27

Cork tissue is specially found in woody species which soon dies and is sloughed off. If the cork were to be formed as a solid cylinder covering the entire stem, vital gas exchange with the interior of the stem would not be possible. True or false?

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Pith and cortex are both composed of schlerenchyma cells. True or false?

Answer 28

False, they are composed of parenchyma cells

Question 29

● Also called phellogen ● Produces cork cells with suberin and phelloderm cells ● Reduces water loss and protects stem injury

Answer 29

Cork Cambium

Question 30

In young stems, gas exchange takes place at _______

Answer 30

Stomata

Question 31

Older stems develop _________. It is an alternate source of gases.

Answer 31

Lenticels

Question 32

Central cylinder of primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith (if present)

Answer 32

Stele

Question 33

● Solid core of phloem surrounding xylem ● Found in primitive seed plants, whisk ferns, club mosses and ferns

Answer 33

Protostele

Question 34

● Tubular with pith in center ● Common in ferns ● No solid form

Answer 34

Siphonostele

Question 35

● Type of siphonostele ● Discrete vascular bundles ● In flowering plants and conifers

Answer 35

Eustele

Question 36

● Seed leaves attached to embryonic stems ● Store food needed by young seedling

Answer 36

Cotyledons

Question 37

● Flowering plants that develop from seeds having two cotyledons

Answer 37

Dicotyledons

Question 38

● Flowering plants that develop from seeds with a single cotyledon

Answer 38

Monocotyledons

Question 39

Plants that die after going from seed to maturity within one growing season

Answer 39

Annual Plants

Question 40

Most monocots are annuals, but many dicots are also annuals. True or false?

Answer 40

True

Question 41

● Discrete vascular bundles arranged in a cylinder ● Vascular cambium arises between primary xylem and primary phloem.

Answer 41

Herbaceous Dicotyledonous

Question 42

______ is secondary xylem.

Answer 42

Wood

Question 43

Spring and summer wood alternate as light and dark rings. True or false?

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Relatively large vessel elements of secondary xylem produced

Answer 44

Spring wood

Question 45

Fewer, smaller vessel elements in proportion to tracheids and fibers

Answer 45

Summer wood

Question 46

● Vessels and fibers absent ● Tracheids in spring larger than later in season.

Answer 46

Conifer Wood

Question 47

● One year’s growth of xylem ○ Indicates age of a tree ○ Indicates climate during tree’s lifetime

Answer 47

Annual Rings

Question 48

Vascular cambium produces more secondary phloem than xylem. True or false?

Answer 48

False, it produces more secondary xylem than phloem.

Question 49

● Consist of parenchyma cells that function in lateral conduction of nutrients and water ● Xylem ray is part of ray within xylem. ● Phloem ray is part of ray through phloem.

Answer 49

Vascular Rays

Question 50

________ is older, darker wood in center. Formed from Resins, gums, and tannins accumulate and darken wood

Answer 50

Heartwood

Question 51

_________ is lighter, still-functioning xylem closest to cambium.

Answer 51

Sapwood

Question 52

Heartwood supports the tree but cannot conduct materials. A tree cannot function after heartwood is removed. True or false?

Answer 52

False, a tree may still function after the heartwood is removed but it cannot function if sapwood is removed.

Question 53

It is the wood of conifers.

Answer 53

Softwood

Question 54

It is the wood of dicot trees.

Answer 54

Hardwood

Question 55

● Tubelike canals scattered throughout xylem and other tissues ● Lined with cells that secrete resin

Answer 55

Resin Canals

Question 56

Tissues outside the vascular cambium, including phloem

Answer 56

Bark

Question 57

○ Inner bark consists of primary and secondary phloem. ○ Outer bark (periderm) consists of cork tissue and cork cambium. True or false?

Answer 57

True

Question 58

● Ducts found mostly in phloem that have latex-secreting cells

Answer 58

Laticifers

Question 59

● No vascular nor cork cambium ○ Produce no secondary vascular tissues or cork ● Primary xylem and phloem in discrete vascular bundles scattered in stem

Answer 59

Monocot Stems

Question 60

● Two large vessels with several small vessels ● First-formed xylem cells stretch and collapse. ○ Leave irregularly shaped air space ● It is surrounded by sheath of sclerenchyma cells.

Answer 60

Monocot Vascular Bundle

Question 61

Horizontal stems that grow below-ground and have long to short internodes

Answer 61

Rhizomes

Question 62

Horizontal stems that grow above ground and have long internodes. They form adventitious roots

Answer 62

Runners

Question 63

Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions.

Answer 63

Stolons

Question 64

Swollen, fleshy, underground stem, store food

Answer 64

Tubers

Question 65

Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at lower end. Made up of mostly leaves and has thin stem

Answer 65

Bulbs

Question 66

Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue, with papery leaves. Made up of mostly stems

Answer 66

Corms

Question 67

Flattened, leaf-life stems that photosynthesize.

Answer 67

Cladophylls

Question 68

A very thin sheet of desirable wood glued to cheaper lumber.

Answer 68

Veneer

Question 69

Used to make paper, synthetic fibers, plastics, and linoleum. It is second most widespread use of wood.

Answer 69

Pulp

Question 70

More than 50% of timber is used as fuelwood worldwide. True or false?

Answer 70

True