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Zoology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

smaller units combined to make larger units

A

Hierarchy

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2
Q

Life originating from non-living material

ex. garbage –> rats
rotting food –> flies
mud –> frogs

A

Spontaneous Generation

Abiogenesis

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3
Q

life originating from life

A

Biogenesis

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4
Q
  • microscope
  • sends light thru object
  • image is inverted
A

Compound Light Microscope

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5
Q
  • microscope
  • bounces light off object
  • object has same orientation as on stage
A

Dissecting Scope

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6
Q
  • microscope
  • electrons are passed thru thin sections of object
  • higher magnification due to resolution
  • non-living material only
A

Transmission Electron Microscope

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7
Q
  • microscope
  • electrons are bounced off the object’s surface
  • non-living material only
A

Scanning Electron Microscope

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8
Q
  • year

* cell theory created by Schleiden + Schwann

A

1838

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9
Q
  • year

* cell theory created by Virchow

A

1858

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10
Q
  • year

* Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation; proves biogenesis

A

1865

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11
Q

Scientist:

Hooke

A
  • discovered and coined the term “cells”

* developed 1st microscope

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12
Q

Scientist:

van Leeuwenhoek

A

1st to observe and describe micro organisms which he referred to as “animalcules”

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13
Q

Scientist:

Aristotle

A

one of the first scientists to believe spontaneous generation did NOT occur in higher level organisms

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14
Q

Scientist:

Redi

A

disproved spontaneous generation (by observing maggot development in opened and closed meat containers) but was DENIED by scientific community

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15
Q

Scientist:

Needham

A

thought to have proved existence of spontaneous generation but used erroneous method (with errors)

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16
Q

Scientist:

Spallanzani

A

redid Needham’s experiment correctly to disprove spontaneous generation

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17
Q

Scientists:

Schleiden + Schwann

A

created cell theory that states all life is composed of cells

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18
Q

Scientist:

Virchow

A

created cell theory that states all cells come from pre-existing cells

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19
Q

Scientist:

Pasteur

A
  • credited with disproving spontaneous generation

* created flask that gathered microbes in neck

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20
Q

Scientist:

Margulis

A

created endosymbiont hypothesis

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21
Q

Scientists:

Uzzell + Spolsky

A

created membrane invagination hypothesis

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22
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

A

BOTH –> types of cells

PRO –> does NOT contain a membrane bound nucleus
-Kingdom Monera

EUK –> contains a membrane-bound nucleus
-Kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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23
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Endosymbiont vs. Membrane Invagination Hypothesis

Study These Flashcards
A

BOTH –> refer to the origin of the eukaryotic cell

ENDO –> accepted; larger cell engulfed a smaller, simpler cell which became the membrane-bound nucleus

MEMB –> rejected; membrane folded in on itself and produced membrane-bound organelles

24
Q

Major Cell Structures + Functions

4

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Cell Wall - found in plants, algae, and prokaryotes only
  2. Cell (plasma) Membrane - found in all cells, outer boundary of cell that separates internal processes from environment, contains receptors for external molecules that alter cell’s function
  3. Cytoplasm - found in all cells, portion of cell outside of nucleus, contains organelles
  4. Nucleus - found in eukaryotes only, control center of cell, contains genetic material (DNA)
25
Cell Structures: | Protoplasm
* colorless substance that is the living part of cells | * contains cytoplasm and nucleus
26
Fluid Mosaic Model
According to this model, a membrane is... - a double layer of proteins and phospholipids - fluid (rather than solid)
27
Scientists: | Singer + Nicolson
developed the Fluid Mosaic Model
28
Transmembrane Proteins
* permanently attached to membrane * span entirety of membrane * function as gateways to permit transport of specific substances across membrane
29
Peripheral Proteins
*membrane proteins temporaily attached to the outer membrane surface
30
Phospholipid Bilayer
two layers of phospholipid molecules
31
"water attracting" | *heads
Hydrophilic
32
"water dreading" - repell water | *tail
Hydrophobic
33
"little organs" | *smaller structures inside the cell that perform specific functions
Organelles
34
Organelles Structure + Function: | Mitochondria
Structure - * double membrane * cristae - increases surface area * matrix - contains ribosomes + DNA Function - converts energy to usable form
35
Organelles Structure + Function: | Ribosomes
Structure - free moving or attached to ER Function - site of protein synthesis
36
Organelles Structure + Function: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (Smooth + Rough)
Structure - extensive system extending thru cytoplasm from membrane to nuclear envelope Function - storage + internal transport * Smooth --> makes lipids * Rough --> site for attachment of ribosomes
37
Organelles Structure + Function: Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Complex)
Structure - stacks of dislike membranes Function - sorts and packages synthesized products
38
Organelles Structure + Function: | Lysosome
Structure - membrane-bound sphere Function - site of digestion
39
Organelles Structure + Function: | Cytoskeleton
Structure - interconnecting microtubules + microfilaments Function - assists in cell movement, provides support
40
Structures of the Cytoskeleton | 5
1. microfilaments (actin filaments) - give shape to the cell and support all of its organelles 2. intermediate filaments - group of protein fibers that help maintain cell shape + spatial organization of organelles 3. microtubules - assist in movement of organelles + DNA in cell division 4. centrioles - involved with chromosome movement during cell division 5. cilia + flagella - elongated appendages used to propel the cell
41
Compare + Contrast: | Chromatin vs. Chromosomes
BOTH --> genetic material CHROMATIN --> uncoiled mass of chromosomes CHROMOSOMES --> tightly coiled segments of DNA
42
Structures of the Nucleus: | 2
1. Nucleolus - does not have a membrane, present in non-dividing cells 2. Nuclear Envelope - membrane that separates nucleus from cytoplasm * pores - allow material to enter/leave nucleus
43
Compare + Contrast: | Passive Processes vs. Active Processes
BOTH --> types of transportation into/out of cell PASSIVE: - require no energy input - movement from high to low concentration - types: a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. osmosis d. filtration ACTIVE: - requires energy (ATP) - movement from low to high concentration - types: a. active transport b. transport involving vacoles
44
Types of Passive Processes | 4
1. simple diffusion - movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is achieved 2. facilitated diffusion - transport proteins in membrane bind with molecules to help them pass across membrane 3. osmosis - water molecules diffuse across membrane from high to low concentration 4. filtration - movement due to a pressure gradient
45
Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solutions
ISO --> at equilibrium, no net change in water movement HYPER --> solution has higher solute conc. than cell, water leaves cell HYPO --> cell has higher solute conc. than cell, water enters cell
46
water leaves the cell causing the cell to shrink/shrivel
Crenation
47
water enters the cell, causing the cell to burst
Lysis
48
Types of Active Processes | 2
1. active transport - proteins in membrane bind with molecules to cross membrane against concentration gradient (L-->H), requires energy 2. transport involving vacuoles - bulk movement of large molecules into/out of the cell that can not be transported thru the membrane - endocytosis (phago-, pino-) - exocytosis
49
Sodium Potassium Pump
* example of active transport | * helps maintain high conc. of potassium ions + low conc. of sodium ions inside nerve cells
50
Compare + Contrast: | Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis
BOTH --> bulk movement of large molecules across the cell membrane ENDO --> membrane envelopes molecules and moves them into cell EXO --> vesicles fuse with membrane to move/release molecules out of cell
51
Compare + Contrast | Phagocytosis vs. Pinocytosis
BOTH --> movement of molecules into the cell PHAGO --> "cellular eating"; intake of solid material into cell PINO --> "cellular drinking"; intake of small droplets of fluid into cell
52
Compare + Contrast: | Cilia vs. Flagella
BOTH --> elongated appendages used to propel the cell CILIA --> short, many (hundreds) per cell FLAGELLA --> longer, fewer (1-8) per cell
53
Compare + Contrast: | Actin Filaments vs. Microtubules
BOTH --> structures of cytoskeleton AF --> give shape to cell and support organelles MT's --> assist in movement of organelles and DNA during cell division
54
Compare + Contrast: | Transmission Electron vs. Scanning Electron Microscope
BOTH --> types of microscopes used to observe non-living material TEM --> electrons are passed thru thin sections of object SEM --> electrons are bounced off object's surface
55
Compare + Contrast: | Rough ER vs. Smooth ER
BOTH --> both part of ER which functions as storage and internal transport ROUGH --> site for attachment of ribosomes SMOOTH --> makes lipids
56
Compare + Contrast: | Nucleus vs. Nucleolus
BOTH --> contain genetic material NUCLEUS --> has a membrane NUCLEOLUS --> lacks a membrane

Zoology (8 decks)

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