Flashcards in Molecular Genetics Deck (35)
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1
scientists;
credited with determining structure of DNA
Watson + Crick
2
scientists;
used x-ray crystalography to support the double helix model of DNA
Franklin + Wilkins
3
scientists;
proved semiconservative model of DNA
Meselson + Stahl
4
scientists;
speciation
Dozhanksy + Mayr
5
scientist;
scottish reproductive biologist who cloned the sheep "Dolly"
Wilmut
6
Compare + Contrast:
Codon vs. Genetic Code
BOTH --> part of the DNA strand
CODON --> 3 nitrogen bases working together to produce an amino acid
GEN CODE --> made up of all of the codons together
7
Compare + Contrast:
Codon vs. Anticodon
BOTH --> sequence of 3 nucleotides that form a unit of genetic code
CODON --> in messenger RNA (mRNA)
ANTI --> in transfer RNA (tRNA)
8
Compare + Contrast:
Start Codon vs. Stop Codon
BOTH --> sub-steps of translation
START --> initiates translation (AUG)
STOP --> terminates translation (UAA, UAG, UGA)
9
Compare + Contrast:
DNA Polymerase vs. DNA Ligase
BOTH --> enzymes involved in DNA replication
POLYM --> adds nucleotides on the leading strand
LIGASE --> binds okazaki fragments together to form the lagging strand
10
Compare + Contrast:
Leading Strand vs. Lagging Strand
BOTH --> parts of the replication fork
LEAD --> continuous, formed quicker
LAG --> discontinuous (fragments formed), forms slower
11
Compare + Contrast:
Introns vs. Exons
BOTH --> codons
IN --> useless DNA codons
EX --> codons for amino acids
12
Compare + Contrast:
Transcription vs. Translation
BOTH --> parts of protein synthesis
TRANSCRIP --> copies genetic code of DNA onto strand that can leave nucleus, produces mRNA, introns removed, occur in nucleus
TRANSLAT --> occurs in 3 steps - initiation, elongations, termination; protein is synthesized from mRNA, occurs in ribosome
13
Compare + Contrast:
mRNA vs. tRNA vs. rRNA
ALL --> types of RNA
mRNA --> produces by transcription, copy of the genetic code (DNA)
tRNA --> contains amino acids to be assembled into polypeptide during translation
rRNA --> makes up structure of ribosome
14
Compare + Contrast:
Mutation vs. Mutagen
BOTH --> affect the genetic code
MUTATION --> an unplanned change in the genetic code
MUTAGEN --> causes mutations (UV, x-rays, chemicals)
15
Compare + Contrast:
Point Mutation vs. Frameshift Mutation
BOTH --> changes in the genetic code
POINT --> one base is changed
FRAME --> many bases are changed (insertion/deletion)
16
Compare + Contrast:
Transitions vs. Transversions
BOTH --> point mutations
TRANSITIONS -->
- purine is converted to purine (AG)
- pyridamine is converted to pyridamine (CT)
TRANSVERSIONS -->
- purine is converted to pyridamine
- pyridamine is converted to purine
17
Compare + Contrast:
Missense vs. Nonsense vs. Neutral Mutations
ALL --> results of point mutations
MISS --> mutation produces codon for a different amino acid
NON --> no substitute amino acid produced; synthesis stops (nothing produced)
NEUTRAL --> an exact substitution is produced; no effect
18
Compare + Contrast:
Genetic Engineering vs. Biotechnology
BOTH --> have to do with recombinant DNA
GEN. ENG. --> forms recombinant DNA; genes from one individual are inserted into another individual
BIOTECH. --> using recombinant DNA to form new products
19
Compare + Contrast:
Gene Pool vs. Genetic Drift
BOTH --> refer to the genetic make up of a population
POOL --> all of the genes in a population
DRIFT --> exchanging of genes with other members within a population
20
Compare + Contrast:
Species vs. Speciation
BOTH --> regarding individuals who vary genetically but are able to interbreed
SPECIES --> individuals with similarities and differences found in the same location at the same time, and are able to interbreed
SPECIATION --> process of producing a new species due to barriers
21
Compare + Contrast:
Allopatric vs. Sympatric
BOTH --> types of speciation
ALLO --> physical barriers cause formation of new species (ex. rivers, roads, etc.)
SYMP --> genetic barriers cause formation of new species
22
Compare + Contrast:
Prezygotic vs. Postzygotic
BOTH --> types of sympatric speciation
PRE --> barriers occur before mating
POST --> barriers occur after fertilization
23
Compare + Contrast:
Microevolution
vs.
Macroevolution
BOTH --> change with time
MICRO --> changes within a species
MACRO --> change of one species into another
24
Compare + Contrast:
Artificial Selection
vs.
Bottleneck Effect
BOTH --> processes of evolution
ART --> the breeding of plants and animals to produce desirable traits
BOT --> a dramatic reduction in population size leads to reduced genetic variability
25
Compare + Contrast:
Phyletic Gradualism
vs.
Punctuated Equilibrium
BOTH --> rates of change
PHYL --> continuously slow rate of change (occurs most often)
PUNCT --> rapid bursts of change with long periods of quiet
26
Listing:
Characteristics of Macroevolution (6)
1. Slow rates of change
- phyletic gradualism
- punctuated equilibrium
2. Adaptive radiation
3. Mass extinction
4. Replacement
5. Directional (trends in fossil record)
6. Vestigial structures (useless features that link evolutionary events)
27
Listing:
Chromosomal Changes (4 types)
1. Translocation - segment of one chromosome breaks off and is transferred to another chromosome
2. Deletion - chromosome loses a fragment; causes one or few genes to be lost
3. Inversion - the order of the genes in the chromosome will change
4. Duplication - a section of DNA is duplicated/copied
28
Listing:
Recombinant DNA outcomes (2 with subcategories)
1. Harvesting large quantities of genes
- pest control
- bioremediation (using bacteria to clean up biohazards - ex. oil)
- DNA fingerprinting
- Genetic studies
2. Harvesting large quantities of protein
- disease treatment
29
building blocks of genetic material; made up of phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen base
Nucleotide
30
Complementary base pairing
A - T (U)
C - G
31
two strands of DNA; keep one original strand and make one new strand
Semiconservative
32
three nitrogen bases working together to produce an amino acid
Codon
33
fixed point where double strand of DNA is separated into single strands
Replication fork
34
enzyme that causes the unwinding of DNA; separates double stand of DNA into single strand
DNA Topoisomerase (DNA Helicase)
35