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Zoology > Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

the division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

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2
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A

BOTH –> nuclear division

MITOSIS –> occurs in all body cells to produce somites which are cells identical to parent cell

MEIOSIS –> occurs is gonads to produce gametes which are cells unlike the parent cell

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3
Q

body cells

A

somites (somatic cells)

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4
Q

sex cells (egg + sperm)

A

gametes

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5
Q

Cell Cycle:

Interphase

A
  • when cell is NOT dividing (90-95% of cycle - most of time)

* NOT a step of nuclear division

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6
Q

Compare + Contrast:

G1 vs. S vs. G2

A

ALL –> stages of Interphase
a. G1 - (gap-1) daughter cell doubles in size (grows to size of parent cell)

b. S - (synthesis) chromatin replicates
c. G2 - (gap-2) growth occurs, centrioles replicate; anticipating nuclear division

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7
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS:

A

a. Early + Late Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Early + Late Anaphase
d. Early + Late Telophase, Cytokinesis

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8
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS:

1. Early + Late Prophase

A

EARLY:

  • spindle forms
  • no nuclear membrane

LATE:

  • chromosomes move inward
  • no nuclear membrane
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9
Q

3D array of fibers which are transport vehicles for chromosomes

A

Spindle / Spindle Fibers

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10
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Kinetochore vs. Non-Kinetochore

A

BOTH –> spindle fibers

KIN –> spindle fibers that DO contain chromosomes

NON-KIN –> spindle fibers that do NOT contain chromosomes

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11
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Chromosomes vs. Chromatids vs. Centromere

A

ALL –> involved in nuclear division in mitosis + meiosis

CHROMOSOMES –> one chromosome made up of two chromatids

CHROMATIDS –> two chromatids make up one chromosome

CENTROMERE –> place where two chromatids attach

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12
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS:

2. Metaphase

A

chromosomes align at the midline of spindle

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13
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS:

3. Early + Late Anaphase

A

EARLY:

  • only haploid event in mitosis
  • chromosomes break apart into chromatids

LATE:
*chromatids move apart and replicate into chromosomes

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14
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS:

4. Early + Late Telophase

A

EARLY:
*chromosomes reach the poles

LATE:

  • nuclear membrane forms
  • chromatin material
  • midline constriction
  • CYTOKINESIS –> contents of cell split equally between cells (@ end of late telophase)
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15
Q

DIFFERENCES IN MEIOSIS STAGES:

Prophases I

A
  • synapsis (alignment) of homologous (same set) chromosomes

* chiasmata occurs (crossing over)

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16
Q

the alignment of chromosomes

A

synapsis

occurs in prophase I of meiosis

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17
Q

paired chromosomes in sets of two that carry same traits and are located at same place

A

homologous chromosomes

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18
Q

crossing over; the exchange of genetic material

A

chiasmata

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19
Q

a cell that divids by meiosis to form gametes

A

meiocytes, gametocytes

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20
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Chromatids vs. Tetrad

A

BOTH –> contain genetic material, relate to chromosome make-up

CHROM –> two chromatids make up one chromosome

TETRAD –> group of four chromatids make up one set of homologous chromosomes

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21
Q

DIFFERENCES IN MEIOSIS STAGES:

Anaphase I + Anaphase II

A

ANAPHASE I:
*reduction division

ANAPHASE II:
*equatorial division

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22
Q

Compare + Contrast:

Reduction division vs. Equatorial division

A

BOTH –> occur in anaphase stage of meiosis

RED –> tetrads separate into duplicated chromosomes

EQU –> duplicated chromosomes separate into chromatids (single chromosomes)

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23
Q

sex

24
Q

1st diploid cell, formed by fertilization of haploid sperm + egg during syngamy

25
Compare + Contrast: | Gametes vs. Somites
BOTH --> types of cells GAM --> sex cells (egg + sperm), haploid, produced by meiosis SOM --> body cells, diploid, produces by mitosis
26
Compare + Contrast: | Gametes vs. Zygote
Both --> egg cell GAM --> sex cell, haploid ZYG --> fertilized egg cell, diploid
27
Compare + Contrast: | Diploid vs. Haploid
BOTH --> refer to number of chromosomes in a cell DIPLOID --> contains full number of chromosomes, 46 in humans HAPLOID --> contains half number of chromosomes, 23 in humans
28
Compare + Contrast: | Synapsis vs. Chiasmata
BOTH --> occur in prophase I of meiosis SYN --> the alignment of homologous chromosomes CHIA --> crossing over; the exchange of genetic material
29
Compare + Contrast: | Mitosis vs. Interphase
BOTH --> parts of cell cycle MIT --> type of nuclear division that occurs in all body cells to produce somites which are identical to parent cell INT --> stage when cell is NOT dividing
30
Compare + Contrast: | Mitosis vs. Cytokinesis
BOTH --> types of cell division MIT --> type of nuclear division that occurs in all body cells to produce somites which are cells identical to parent cell CYTO --> division of the cytoplasm
31
first organism used in genetic studies
garden pea
32
scientist; | studied variation/inheritance in garden peas
Scientist: | Mendel
33
Compare + Contrast: | Genes vs. DNA
BOTH --> genetic material GENE --> a location on chromosome that carries information about ONE trait; made up of DNA DNA --> makes up genes
34
scientist; | discovered the importance of chromosomes in heredity
Scientist: | Sutton + Boveri
35
scientist; | discovered that a gene is a discrete chromosome locus and is the unit of heredity
Scientist: | Morgan
36
organism most commonly used in genetic studies
fruit fly
37
a location on a chromosome
locus
38
genes on homologous chromosomes that carry information for the same trait (at same location)
alleles
39
type of inheritance; | multiple interactions between many genes
Polygenic Inheritance
40
Compare + Contrast: Law of Equal Segregation vs. Law of Independent Assortment
BOTH --> Mendel's laws EQUAL SEG. --> homologous chromosomes separate to form gametes IND. AS. --> every possible combination of genes has a chance of occuring
41
one allele is not completely expressed over the other; resulting in a third phenotype which is combination of the phenotypes of both alleles
incomplete dominance
42
Compare + Contrast: Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
BOTH --> type of gene expression HOMO --> gene alleles are exactly the same -ex. BB, bb HETERO --> gene alleles are different -ex. Bb
43
Compare + Contrast: Homogametic vs. Heterogametic
BOTH --> refer to gamete production HOMO --> producing the same type of gamete with respect to sex chromosomes (XX) HETERO --> having two unlike gametes (XY)
44
Compare + Contrast: Dominant vs. Recessive
BOTH --> types of gene expression DOM --> produces a dominant phenotype in individuals who have one copy of the dominant allele REC --> to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual must have two copies of recessive allele
45
Compare + Contrast: Genotype vs. Phenotype
BOTH --> refers to the coding and expression of genes GENO --> the actual set of genes an organism carries -ex. BB, Bb, bb PHENO --> the visible/expressed trait -ex. brown eyes, blue eyes, hazel eyes
46
Compare + Contrast: Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes
BOTH --> types of chromosomes AUTO --> any chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome (chromosomes 1-22) SEX C --> a chromosomes involved with determining the sex of an organism (chromosome 23)
47
two genes located on the same chromosome
dihybrid
48
an individual that is completely normal but possesses a gene that can be passed on to offspring
carrier
49
chromosomes that do NOT separate during meiosis
non-disjunction
50
result of non-disjunction; | produces mostly normal females with menstrual irregularities + occasional learning disabilities
XXX = triplo-x
51
result of non-disjunction; | produces infertile female with normal intelligence
XO = Turner's Syndrome
52
result of non-disjunction; | produces sterile male, sometimes slow learners, longer arms/legs, breast development
XXY = Klinefelter's Syndrome
53
result of non-disjunction; | lethal, non-viable offspring, aborted
YO | must have X chromosome for survival
54
result of non-disjunction; | produces individual taller than average, persistent acne, learning disabilities, controversially linked with violence
XYY = Jacob Syndrome
55
non-disjunction of chromosome 21; | occurance is linked with age of mother
Down Syndrome

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