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GCSE Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What do all animal cells have?

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm 
Cell Membrane 
Mitochondria 
Ribosomes
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2
Q

What do all plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts

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3
Q

What does a bacterial cell have?

A 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Cell wall 
Genetic material
Plasmid
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4
Q

How are palisade cells adapted for photosynthesis?

A
  • packed with chloroplasts, more of them at the top so they are nearer the light
  • tall shape, so more surface area down the side for absorbing Co2
  • thin shape so you can pack loads of them at the top of the leaf
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5
Q

How are guard cells specialised?

A
  • special kidney shape which opens and closes the stomata
  • when the plant has lots of water the guard cells turn plump and turgid, so the stomata opens
  • when the plant is short of water, the guard cells lose their water and become flaccid. So the stomata close
  • they have thin outer walls and thickened inner walls
  • sensitive to light and close at night to save water
  • generally on lower side of leaf as it is shaded and cooler, so less water lost
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6
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?

A
  • concave shape for greater surface area. Also helps to pass smoothly inside capillaries
  • packed with haemoglobin
  • have no nucleus, more space for haemoglobin
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7
Q

How are egg cells specialised for reproduction?

A
  • the egg cell contains huge food reserves to feed the embryo
  • when the sperm fuses with the egg, the egg’s membrane instantly changes its structure to stop any more sperm getting in
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8
Q

How are sperm cells adapted for reproduction?

A
  • long tail and streamlined head to help it swim to the egg
  • there are a lot of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed
  • enzymes in their heads to digest through the egg cell membrane
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9
Q

How does a cell become specialised?

A

Differentiation

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10
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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11
Q

Give three examples of tissue of humans ?

A

Muscular tissue
Epithelial tissue
Glandular tissue

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12
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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13
Q

What are the tissues in the stomach and what do they do?

A
  • Muscular tissue - allows food to move through the digestive system
  • Glandular tissue - makes digestive juices to digest food
  • Epithelial tissue - covers the outside and inside of the stomach
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14
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function. E.g Digestive system

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15
Q

Give examples of tissues in plants

A
  1. Epidermal tissues- covers the whole plant
  2. Palisade mesophyll tissue- where most photosynthesis happens
  3. Spongy mesophyll tissue - contains big air spaces to allow gases o diffuse in and out of cells
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16
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

17
Q

What is the link between concentration difference and diffusion rate?

A

The bigger the difference in concentration, the faster the diffusion rate

18
Q

What kind of molecules can diffuse through cell membranes?

A

Very small molecules - oxygen, glucose water. Big molecules like starch and water can’t fit through

19
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

20
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane with very small holes in it

21
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A more concentrated solution

22
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

A solution with the same concentration?

23
Q

What does it mean if a plant is turgid?

A

It’s cells draw in water by osmosis and become swollen

24
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

When the contents of the cell push against the inelastic cell wall. It helps to support the plant.

25
Q

What happens if a plant doesn’t get enough water?

A

It’s cells lose their turgor pressure and become flaccid

26
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

When the cytoplasm inside its cells start to shrink and the membrane pulls away from the cell wall

27
Q

Why does a plant not totally lose its shape during plasmolysis?

A

Because it’s inelastic cell wall keeps things in shape

28
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A less concentrated solution

29
Q

What is active transport?

A

When substances are absorbed against a concentration gradient. From a lower concentration to a higher concentration

30
Q

How are root cells specialised for absorbing water and minerals?

A
  1. The cells on the surface of plant roots grow into long “hairs” which stick out into the soil
  2. This gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil
31
Q

By what process do root hairs take in minerals?

A

Active transport

32
Q

Who does active transport work in the gut?

A

When there’s and higher concentration of glucose and amino acids in the gut they diffuse naturally into the blood. But sometimes there’s a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut than there is in the blood. Active transport allows nutrients to be taken into blood

33
Q

Where does gas exchange happen?

A

Lungs

34
Q

What is the job of the lungs?

A

To transfer oxygen to the blood and remove waste carbon dioxide

35
Q

How are alveoli adapted to maximise diffusion?

A
  1. Enormous surface area
  2. Moist lining for dissolving gases
  3. Very thin walls
  4. Good blood supply
36
Q

What do villi do?

A

They increase the surface area of the small intestine so that digested food is absorbed much more quickly into the blood

37
Q

How are villi adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • increase surface area of small intestine
  • single layer of surface cells
  • very good blood supply to assist quick absorption

GCSE Biology (12 decks)

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