Cells

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

All organisms consist of 1 or more cells, a cell is the basic unit unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing living cells

Question 2

What is consistent across all cells?

Answer 2

DNA replication, RNA guided protein synthesis, energy transfer and material exchange.

Question 3

what are 4 common components across all cells?

Answer 3

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes.

Question 4

Prokaryotes

Answer 4

Small cells with no nucleus and without distinct organelles.

Question 5

Eukaryotes

Answer 5

Larger more complex cells with nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

Question 6

what limits the size that cells can be?

Answer 6

Larger cells have insufficient surface area to volume to allow adequate movement of waste out, nutrients in and information throughout.

Question 7

Cytosol

Answer 7

fluid within laced with cytoskeleton to provide the cell structure.

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

Secrion housing genetic material.

Question 9

Endocytosis

Answer 9

The process of transporting molecules into the cell using vesicles.

Question 10

Exocytosis

Answer 10

Process of exporting molecules out of the cell using vesicles.

Question 11

Cytoplasm

Answer 11

Fluid within cells that houses organelles.

Question 12

Chromosome

Answer 12

Body consisting of DNA and associated proteins with 2 short arms and 2 long feet.

Question 13

Centromere

Answer 13

the central section of a chromosome.

Question 14

Chromatid

Answer 14

1 arm of a chromosome.

Question 15

chromatin

Answer 15

The combination of DNA with proteins, makes up chromosomes.

Question 16

Euchromatin

Answer 16

Areas of lower DNA concentration where transcription actively occurs.

Question 17

Heterochromatin

Answer 17

Areas of higher DNA concentration where transcription does not occur.

Question 18

Mitochondria

Answer 18

The site of aerobic respiration, contains prokaryotic DNA and ribosomes.

Question 19

Cristae

Answer 19

A folded surface inside the mitochondria upon which ATP is generated.

Question 20

Ribosome

Answer 20

Not membrane bound, consist of 1 large unit and 1 small unit that clamp around mRNA to synthesize proteins.

Question 21

Polysomes

Answer 21

Groups of 3-30 ribosomes.

Question 22

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 22

An organelle attached to the nuclear envelope that is studded with ribosomes and acts as the sight of protein synthesis.

Question 23

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 23

An organelle attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum that is involved in lipid/steroid synthesis and drug detoxification.

Question 24

The Golgi Complex

Answer 24

A flattened stack of single membrane bound sacs that process and package secretory proteins and lipids. it is also involved in complex polysaccharide and lysosome synthesis.

Question 25

Vesicle

Answer 25

Sac for packing and transporting substances between the golgi body the outside of the cell.

Question 26

Lysosome

Answer 26

single membrane bound sacs containing degrading enzymes like hydrase for the turnover of cellular contents.

Question 27

Peroxisomes

Answer 27

Single membrane bound sacs containing the means for breaking down hydrogen peroxide.

Question 28

what are the differences between plant and animal cells?

Answer 28

Plant cells also contain a firm cell wall, a vacuole and plastids.

Question 29

Cell wall

Answer 29

A rigid body consisting of cellulose fibers and hardening substance.

Question 30

Plastids

Answer 30

Membrane bound organelles that contain DNA and develop into either leucoplasts, chromoplasts or chloroplasts.

Question 31

Leucoplasts

Answer 31

storage organelles that are classified as amyloplasts, elaioplasts and proteinoplasts.

Question 32

Amyloplasts

Answer 32

starch storing leucoplasts.

Question 33

Elaioplasts

Answer 33

fat storing leucoplasts

Question 34

proteinoplasts

Answer 34

protein storing leucoplasts

Question 35

chromoplasts

Answer 35

stores pigments associated with the colour of flowers and fruits

Question 36

Chloroplasts

Answer 36

Store green chlorophyll which is involved in photosynthesis

Question 37

Thylakoids

Answer 37

Flattened membranous sacs that make up chloroplasts

Question 38

Granum

Answer 38

Stacks of Thylakoids

Question 39

Strumule (singular Stroma)

Answer 39

Tubular connections between stacks for exchanging proteins

Question 40

Chlorophyll

Answer 40

light absorbing pigments in chloroplasts responsible for photosynthesis

Question 41

Carotenoids

Answer 41

light absorbing pigments in chloroplasts responsible for photosynthesis

Question 42

Xanthophylls

Answer 42

light absorbing pigments in chloroplasts responsible for photosynthesis

Question 43

Vacuole

Answer 43

30-80% of the cell, stores waste and maintains turgor pressure to prevent wilting

Question 44

Tonoplast

Answer 44

Single membrane surrounding the vacuole