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BIO152 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, form of genetic material in the nucleus

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2
Q

Histone

A

proteins that combine with DNA in eukaryotes to form chromatin

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3
Q

Nucleoid

A

A region of concentrated DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

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4
Q

Describe the location of DNA in prokaryotes

A

prokaryotic chromosomes are circular with far fewer associated proteins. there is also DNA in circular elements called plasmids

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5
Q

Nucleotide

A

a body consisting of a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base

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6
Q

Nucleoside

A

A nucleotide without a phosphate group

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7
Q

what is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose

A

Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen ribose has on position 2 carbon, H instead of OH

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8
Q

what are the four N-bases and are they purines or pyrimidines

A

Adenine and Guanine (purines, 2 rings) cytosine and thymine (pyrimidines, 1 ring)

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9
Q

Phosphodiester bonds

A

phosphate binds to the 3 carbon on one sugar and the 5 carbon on the next

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10
Q

3’

A

the end of a DNA chain with nothing bonded on the 3 carbon

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11
Q

5’

A

the end of the chain with a phosphate bonded to the 5 carbon on the end

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12
Q

DNA measurements

A

diameter-2nm, distance between 2 bases-0.34nm, distance of 1 full turn-3.4nm

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13
Q

what are the differences between DNA and RNA

A

RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine and exists in short one strand sections

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14
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA through complementary pairings with a template strand

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15
Q

RNA polymerase

A

the enzyme that does transcription

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16
Q

in which direction does transcription occur

A

the template strand is read 3’ to 5’ and RNA is synthesized 5’ to 3”

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17
Q

describe the action of RNA polymerase

A

it causes localized unwinding and rewinding of DNA, binding at a promter site and moving along the chain until a terminator is reached.

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18
Q

template strand

A

the strand used by RNA polymerase to synthesize RNA

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19
Q

coding strand

A

the strand of DNA that isn’t the template strand

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20
Q

terminator

A

either a hairpin or a protein (rho) factor that causes the complex to fall apart

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21
Q

Protein rho

A

a protein that binds to DNA to stop transcription

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22
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA, codes for a protein

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23
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA, major parts of a ribosome

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24
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, connects to an amino acid and brings it to the ribosome where tRNA decodes the mRNA

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25
translation
the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA
26
codon
a sequence of three bases that code for a specific amino acid
27
which direction does translation occur in
mRNA is read 5' to 3' proteins are synthesized N terminus to C terminus
28
tRNA structure
an amino acid binding site at the 3' end and an anticodon loop to bind to the codon
29
Amino-acyl tRNA synthase
an enzyme that binds amino acids to their respective tRNA
30
ribosome structure
a small subunit of 1 rRNA and 21 proteins and a large subunit of 2 rRNA and 34 proteins
31
describe the process of translation
mRNA binds to the smaller subunit which binds to the first Amino-acyl tRNA. the large subunit then binds to the complex. When the stop codon is reached a release factor binds and causes the complex to fall apart.
32
A site
positions incoming Amino-acyl tRNA
33
P site
the second tRNA binding site
34
what post-transitional modifications can happen to proteins
the initiating Met is often removed, disulphide bonds form, amino acids are modified and some proteins are cleaved
35
Monocistronic
mRNA coding for one protein
36
Polycistronic
mRNA that codes for multiple proteins
37
DNA polymerase
enzyme catalyzing elongation of DNA hence causing replication
38
Describe the process of DNA replication
H bonds break and DNA unwinds allowing for each strand to be used as a template for a new strand through the matching of base pairs. This requires the presence of all nucleotides, magnesium ions and a primer.
39
what is the direction of replication
5' to 3' on new strand
40
leading strand
the strand on which replication occurs continually
41
Lagging strand
the strand on which replication occurs in small fragments called Okazaki fragments
42
DNA ligase
the enzyme responsible for stitching together Okazaki fragments
43
Mutation
physical changes introduced to DNA
44
Extragenic mutation
A mutation that doesn't occur in a gene and hence has no effect
45
Intagenic mutation
mutation that occurs in a gene, may have an effect
46
Spontaneous Mutation
arises from damage from an unknown cause
47
Induced Mutations
Mutations as a result of exposure to known chemical, physical or biological mutagens
48
Somatic Mutations
Mutations to somatic cells
49
Germinal Mutations
Mutations to gametes
50
Broad types of Mutations
point (single base) and gross
51
INDEL
insertion or deletion of base pairs
52
Duplication
base pairs are duplicated
53
Inversion
A section of DNA is reversed in direction
54
Translocation
A section is moved from one region to another
55
Polyploidy
A change to the entire chromosome set
56
Aneuploidy
Change within the chromosome set
57
Transition
substuting A for G or C for T
58
Transversion
substituting a purine with a pyrimidine
59
Extragenic repeats
repeating base sequences, the number of repeats may increase every generation
60
Frameshift
addition or deletion that changes where codons are in the code
61
Missense
substitution of one base pair
62
Nonsense
mutation resulting in a early stop codon
63
silent mutation
point mutation with no effect
64
constitutive proteins
proteins always expressed
65
Regulated proteins
proteins expressed only when needed
66
Inducer
Molecule that induces synthesis
67
Induction
the process by which a molecule promotes protein synthesis
68
operator site
regulatory protein binding aite adjacent to a promoter
69
Promoter site
RNA polymerase binding site where transcription starts
70
negative regulation
regulator blocks RNA polymerase access at the operator site
71
Positive regulation
two distant promoter sites and a promoter (ex. cyclic AMP) needs to bring the sites together so RNA polymerase can bind.

BIO152 (8 decks)

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