Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO152 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, form of genetic material in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Histone

A

proteins that combine with DNA in eukaryotes to form chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nucleoid

A

A region of concentrated DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the location of DNA in prokaryotes

A

prokaryotic chromosomes are circular with far fewer associated proteins. there is also DNA in circular elements called plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nucleotide

A

a body consisting of a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleoside

A

A nucleotide without a phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose

A

Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen ribose has on position 2 carbon, H instead of OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the four N-bases and are they purines or pyrimidines

A

Adenine and Guanine (purines, 2 rings) cytosine and thymine (pyrimidines, 1 ring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phosphodiester bonds

A

phosphate binds to the 3 carbon on one sugar and the 5 carbon on the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3’

A

the end of a DNA chain with nothing bonded on the 3 carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

5’

A

the end of the chain with a phosphate bonded to the 5 carbon on the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DNA measurements

A

diameter-2nm, distance between 2 bases-0.34nm, distance of 1 full turn-3.4nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the differences between DNA and RNA

A

RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine and exists in short one strand sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA through complementary pairings with a template strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

RNA polymerase

A

the enzyme that does transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in which direction does transcription occur

A

the template strand is read 3’ to 5’ and RNA is synthesized 5’ to 3”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe the action of RNA polymerase

A

it causes localized unwinding and rewinding of DNA, binding at a promter site and moving along the chain until a terminator is reached.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

template strand

A

the strand used by RNA polymerase to synthesize RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

coding strand

A

the strand of DNA that isn’t the template strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

terminator

A

either a hairpin or a protein (rho) factor that causes the complex to fall apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Protein rho

A

a protein that binds to DNA to stop transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA, codes for a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA, major parts of a ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, connects to an amino acid and brings it to the ribosome where tRNA decodes the mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

translation

A

the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

codon

A

a sequence of three bases that code for a specific amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which direction does translation occur in

A

mRNA is read 5’ to 3’ proteins are synthesized N terminus to C terminus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

tRNA structure

A

an amino acid binding site at the 3’ end and an anticodon loop to bind to the codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Amino-acyl tRNA synthase

A

an enzyme that binds amino acids to their respective tRNA

30
Q

ribosome structure

A

a small subunit of 1 rRNA and 21 proteins and a large subunit of 2 rRNA and 34 proteins

31
Q

describe the process of translation

A

mRNA binds to the smaller subunit which binds to the first Amino-acyl tRNA. the large subunit then binds to the complex. When the stop codon is reached a release factor binds and causes the complex to fall apart.

32
Q

A site

A

positions incoming Amino-acyl tRNA

33
Q

P site

A

the second tRNA binding site

34
Q

what post-transitional modifications can happen to proteins

A

the initiating Met is often removed, disulphide bonds form, amino acids are modified and some proteins are cleaved

35
Q

Monocistronic

A

mRNA coding for one protein

36
Q

Polycistronic

A

mRNA that codes for multiple proteins

37
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme catalyzing elongation of DNA hence causing replication

38
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication

A

H bonds break and DNA unwinds allowing for each strand to be used as a template for a new strand through the matching of base pairs. This requires the presence of all nucleotides, magnesium ions and a primer.

39
Q

what is the direction of replication

A

5’ to 3’ on new strand

40
Q

leading strand

A

the strand on which replication occurs continually

41
Q

Lagging strand

A

the strand on which replication occurs in small fragments called Okazaki fragments

42
Q

DNA ligase

A

the enzyme responsible for stitching together Okazaki fragments

43
Q

Mutation

A

physical changes introduced to DNA

44
Q

Extragenic mutation

A

A mutation that doesn’t occur in a gene and hence has no effect

45
Q

Intagenic mutation

A

mutation that occurs in a gene, may have an effect

46
Q

Spontaneous Mutation

A

arises from damage from an unknown cause

47
Q

Induced Mutations

A

Mutations as a result of exposure to known chemical, physical or biological mutagens

48
Q

Somatic Mutations

A

Mutations to somatic cells

49
Q

Germinal Mutations

A

Mutations to gametes

50
Q

Broad types of Mutations

A

point (single base) and gross

51
Q

INDEL

A

insertion or deletion of base pairs

52
Q

Duplication

A

base pairs are duplicated

53
Q

Inversion

A

A section of DNA is reversed in direction

54
Q

Translocation

A

A section is moved from one region to another

55
Q

Polyploidy

A

A change to the entire chromosome set

56
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Change within the chromosome set

57
Q

Transition

A

substuting A for G or C for T

58
Q

Transversion

A

substituting a purine with a pyrimidine

59
Q

Extragenic repeats

A

repeating base sequences, the number of repeats may increase every generation

60
Q

Frameshift

A

addition or deletion that changes where codons are in the code

61
Q

Missense

A

substitution of one base pair

62
Q

Nonsense

A

mutation resulting in a early stop codon

63
Q

silent mutation

A

point mutation with no effect

64
Q

constitutive proteins

A

proteins always expressed

65
Q

Regulated proteins

A

proteins expressed only when needed

66
Q

Inducer

A

Molecule that induces synthesis

67
Q

Induction

A

the process by which a molecule promotes protein synthesis

68
Q

operator site

A

regulatory protein binding aite adjacent to a promoter

69
Q

Promoter site

A

RNA polymerase binding site where transcription starts

70
Q

negative regulation

A

regulator blocks RNA polymerase access at the operator site

71
Q

Positive regulation

A

two distant promoter sites and a promoter (ex. cyclic AMP) needs to bring the sites together so RNA polymerase can bind.

BIO152 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions