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BIO152 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Autotrophs

A

organisms that obtain their carbon from in an inorganic form (such as CO2)

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2
Q

Photosynthesis

A

using solar energy to convert inorganic carbon into organic carbon

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3
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

Using chemical energy to convert inorganic carbon into organic carbon

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that take in carbon already in an organic form from other organisms

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5
Q

Metabolism

A

All enzyme catalyzed reactions in a cell

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6
Q

Catabolism

A

Degrading reactions, typically release energy

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

Building reactions, typically requires energy

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8
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate, an energy carrier or transmitter, not an energy store. A nucleoside triphosphate with Adenine as the nucleoside base.

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9
Q

Nucleoside triphosphate

A

A class of molecule to which ATP belongs. A nucleoside base, attached to a ribose molecule bonded to a chain of three phosphate molecules. The bonds between phosphate molecules have lots of energy.

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10
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

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11
Q

Energy released in going from ATP to ADP

A

30.5Kj

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12
Q

phosphorylation

A

A reaction where phosphate is added to something, for example to ADP to make ATP

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13
Q

Substrate level Phosphorylation

A

Phosphate moves from one substrate to another

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14
Q

NAD+ and FAD

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and Flavin adenine dinucleotide respectively, they act as electron acceptors

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15
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Fuel is completely oxidized to CO2 and ATP is generated through both substrate level Phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

What form of NAD+ and FAD is oxidized

A

NAD+ and FAD

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17
Q

what form of NAD+ and FAD is reduced

A

NADH and FADH2

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18
Q

Glycolysis

A

the first stage of ATP generation of any kind in which glucose is converted through a 10 step process to pyruvate

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19
Q

1st step of glycolysis

A

glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate, consuming 1 ATP

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20
Q

2nd step of glycolysis

A

glucose-6-phosphate is isomerised to fructose-6-phosphate

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21
Q

3rd step of glycolysis

A

fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, this consumes 1 ATP

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22
Q

4th step of glycolysis

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved to produce dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

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23
Q

DHAP

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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24
Q

G3P

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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25
Q

5th step of glycolysis

A

DHAP is isomerised to G3P, there are now two G3P molecules that proceed through the reaction

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26
Q

6th step of glycolysis

A

G3P is oxidized to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, this reduces one NAD+ and consumes one phosphate

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27
Q

7th step of glycolysis

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is dephosphorylated to 3-phosphoglycerate generating 1 ATP

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28
Q

8th step of glycolysis

A

3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate

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29
Q

9th step of glycolysis

A

2-phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate

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30
Q

10th step of glycolysis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate is dephosphorylated to pyruvate generating 1 ATP

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31
Q

Overall reaction of glycolysis

A

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ -> 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH

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32
Q

Fermentation

A

A process of breaking down pyruvate that serves to oxidize NADH such that the cell does not run out of NAD+ required for glycolysis

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33
Q

where does ethanol fermentation occur

A

The cytoplasm of yeast cells

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34
Q

what is the process of ethanol fermentation

A

pyruvate gives off CO2 making acetaldehyde which further converts to ethanol. NADH is oxidized in the process

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35
Q

what is the overall reaction of ethanol fermentation and glycolysis

A

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2ethanol + 2CO2 +2ATP

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36
Q

where does lactic acid fermentation occur

A

in the cytoplasm of muscle cells and microbes

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37
Q

what is the process of lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate converts to lactate and NADH is oxidized

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38
Q

what is the overall reaction of lactic acid fermentation and glycolysis

A

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2lactate + 2ATP

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39
Q

TCA Cycle

A

The section of ATP generation after glycolysis where pyruvate is oxidized to CO2. Also called the krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle

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40
Q

TCA Cycle

A

The section of ATP generation after glycolysis where pyruvate is oxidized to CO2. Also called the krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle

41
Q

CoA

A

Co-enzyme A, an enzyme that activates pyruvate allowing it to enter into the mitochondria and the TCA Cycle

42
Q

TCA

A

tricarboxylic acid

43
Q

Step 1 of the TCA Cycle

A

Pyruvate (3C) is decarboxylated to acetyl CoA (2C) realising 1 CO2 and producing 1 NADH

44
Q

Step 2 of the TCA Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA (2C) is combined with oxaloacetate (4C) to produce citrate (6C)

45
Q

Step 3 of the TCA Cycle

A

Citrate (6C) is isomerised to isocitrate (6C)

46
Q

Step 4 of the TCA Cycle

A

Isocitrate (6C) is oxidized to alpha-ketoglutarate (5C) producing 1CO2 and 1NADH

47
Q

Step 5 of the TCA Cycle

A

alpha-ketoglutarate (5C) is oxidized to succinyl CoA (4C) producing 1CO2 and 1NADH, at this stage the pyruvate has been completely oxidized

48
Q

Step 6 of the TCA Cycle

A

Succinyl CoA is converted to Succinate producing 1GTP through substrate level Phosphorylation

49
Q

GTP

A

Guanosine triphosphate, basically just ATP

50
Q

Step 7 of the TCA Cycle

A

Succinate is oxidized to fumerate, producing 1 FADH2

51
Q

Step 8 of the TCA Cycle

A

fumarate is converted to malate

52
Q

Step 9 of the TCA Cycle

A

malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, producing 1 NADH. Oxaloacetate then goes to step 2.

53
Q

Glycerol Phosphate shuttle

A

In the presence of oxygen NADH from glycolysis is oxidized alongside dihydroxyacetone phosphate reducing to 2-glycerol-3-phosphate. 2-glycerol-3-phosphate can travel into the mitochondria and oxidized back to dihydroxyacetone phosphate allowing FAD to oxidize to FADH2. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate then leaves the mitochondria and continues through glycolysis.

54
Q

How many moles of ATP are produced from 1 mol of glucose

A

36, 2 from glucose, 30 from TCA/ETC and 4 from the G3P shuttle

55
Q

The overall reaction of ATP generation

A

glucose + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36Pi -> 6CO2 +6H2O + 36ATP

56
Q

How much energy is released from glucose, trapped in ATP and what is the efficiency

A

2870Kj released, 1098Kj trapped. efficiency is 38%

57
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

A series of redox reactions resulting in the reduction of O2 to H2O that serves to re-oxidise electron acceptors and generate ATP

58
Q

Cytochrome

A

general name for proteins that contain iron ions that van be either oxidized (Fe3+) or reduced (Fe2+)

59
Q

what is the sequence of chemicals in the electron transport chain

A

NADH -> NADH oxidoreductase -> coenzyme q -> cytochrome b -> cytochrome c1 -> cytochrome c -> cytochrome (a+a3) -> O2 to H20

60
Q

at what step does FADH2 enter the chain

A

FADH2 passes it’s electron to coenzyme q

61
Q

How much ATP is released from NADH and FADH2

A

3 ATP from NADH and 2 ATP from FADH2

62
Q

Why does NADH not just immediately react to H20

A

Thos would be less efficient as the energy released would only have the potential to be captured by one ATP instead of 3

63
Q

Where does oxidative Phosphorylation/ETC occur

A

in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria/in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

64
Q

Respiratory Control

A

regulation of oxidative Phosphorylation by ADP levels, preventing the coupled process of ETC occurring hence preventing he unnecessary catabolism of fuel

65
Q

Chemiosmotic theory

A

Energy released during the ETC forve H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space, the resulting electrochemical gradient causes H+ ions to flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, the gradient’s energy is hence used by ATP synthase to synthesize ATP

66
Q

ATP Synthase

A

a protein imbeded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that is used to synthesize ATP in line with the chemiosmotic theory

67
Q

What reaction does ATP synthase make use of

A

ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + H+

68
Q

Translocase proteins

A

proteins that allow ADP and Pi to enter the mitochondria and ATP to exit the mitochondria

69
Q

2,4-dinitrophenol

A

a chemical that uncouples ETC and oxidative phosphorylation by shuttling protons across membranes

70
Q

How are other saccharides metabolized

A

They are cleaved into monosaccharides (in the digestive track/inside bacteria/by enzymes excreted by bacteria) and then reactes into a chemical used in glycolysis, resulting in the same ATP output as glucose

71
Q

amylase

A

an enzyme that breaks down starch and glycogen

72
Q

cellulase

A

an enzyme that breaks down cellulose

73
Q

How are triglycerides metabolized

A

glycerol proceds through glycolysis (with a net gain of 1 ATP) and the fatty acid chains are split into acetyl CoA and procced through the TCA Cycle

74
Q

how are proteins metabolized

A

the a NH2 groups of amino acids are removed through deamination and the the left over bits are fed into the TCA Cycle

75
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors mostly occuring in the liver and kidneys

76
Q

Where do precursors feed in to gluconeogenesis

A

lactate and some amino acids are converted to pyruvate, other amino acids are converted straight to oxaloacetate

77
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

enzyme associated with the reaction of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

78
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

enzyme associated with the reaction of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

79
Q

hexokinase

A

enzyme associated with the reaction of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

80
Q

4 essential enzymes for gluconeogenesis and their location

A

pyruvate carboxylase (mitochondria), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (cytoplasm), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (cytoplasm), glucose-6-phosphatase (endoplasmic reticulum)

81
Q

step 1 of gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate is carboxylated to oxaloacetate in the mitochondria requiring one ATP and using pyruvate carboxylase

82
Q

step 2 of gluconeogenesis

A

oxaloacetate is temporarily converted to malate so it can leave the mitochondria before being oxidized back, NAD+ is used as an electron acceptor

83
Q

step 3 of gluconeogenesis

A

oxaloacetate is decarboxylated and phosphorylated to phosphoenolpyruvate requiring one GTP and using phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

84
Q

step 4 of gluconeogenesis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate

85
Q

step 5 of gluconeogenesis

A

2-phosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate

86
Q

step 6 of gluconeogenesis

A

3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate requiring 1 ATP

87
Q

step 7 of gluconeogenesis

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is reduced and dephosphorylated to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, oxidizing one NADH to NAD+

88
Q

step 8 of gluconeogenesis

A

half the G3P is converted to DHAP

89
Q

step 9 of gluconeogenesis

A

one G3P and DHAP are combined to make fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

90
Q

step 10 of gluconeogenesis

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is dephosphorylated to fructose-6-phosphate using phosphofructokinase

91
Q

step 11 of gluconeogenesis

A

fructose-6-6-phosphate is isomerised to glucose -6-phosphate

92
Q

step 12 of gluconeogenesis

A

glucose-6-phosphate is dephosphorylated to glucose using hexokinase

93
Q

Overall formula for gluconeogenesis

A

2pyruvate + 4ATP + 2GTP + 2NADH -> glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP +6Pi + 2NAD+

94
Q

Photosynthesis

A

A series of reactions converting CO2 to organic sugars using solar energy

95
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

chloroplasts, a type of plastid

96
Q

what are the two phases photosynthesis

A

energy transduction (converting light to chemical energy-light dependent) carbon assimilation (carbon is converted to organic sugars-light independent)

97
Q

describe energy transduction

A

light passes through leaves, hitting the thylakoid where membrane bound proteins use light to oxidize water creating an energy gradient with protons going from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen. the ETC makes NADPH and ATP synthase makes ATP

98
Q

equation for carbon assimilation

A

6CO2 + 12H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 6O3 this uses ATP and NADPH

BIO152 (8 decks)

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