Cells

Question 1

What are the 3 rules of Cell Theory

Answer 1

1. The cell is the basic uni of structure for all organisms
2. Consist of one or more cells
3. All cells arise only from preexisting cells

Question 2

What is the form and function of the Nucleolus

Answer 2

Form = Proteins / Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Combines rRNA and proteins to make Ribosomes
Controls ribosomes via mRNA

Question 3

What is the form and function of the Nucleus

Answer 3

Surrounded by the Nuclear membrane

Controls cell via deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA - Cell blue prints)

Question 4

What is the form and function of the Cytoplasm

Answer 4

Mixture of water and nutrients

Holds the Cytoskeleton (Floating protein strands)

Question 5

What is the definition of Selective Permeability

Answer 5

Ability to monitor/decide what passes through the cell membranes

Question 6

What is the form and function of the Cell Membrane

Answer 6

Form of a Phospholipid bi-layer

Encloses cell contents, site protein channels and specific bio-chemical functions

Question 7

What is the form and function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Answer 7

Form = Phospholipids with ribosomes attached

The synthesis and packaging of proteins

Question 8

What is the form and function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 8

Form = Phospholipid bilayer

Transport of materials via a phospholipid bilayer

Question 9

What is the form and function of the Lysosome

Answer 9

Form = Phospholipid membrane

Digesting cell waste into simple compounds for the cytoplasm while also attacking invaders and storing enzymes

Question 10

What is the form and function of the Mitochondria

Answer 10

Form = Two layers of phospholipid bilayers, Outer layer is the skin, Inner layer is the cristae

Turns carbs/fats/others into adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) (Cellular respiration)

Question 11

What is the form and function of the Peroxisome

Answer 11

Form = Vesicle that buds from the ER with a Crystalline core

Packages/destroys hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species.
Stores enzymes

Question 12

What is the form and function of Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 12

Form = Single ribose strand

Copies/Deciphers DNAs code into molecular machines (Proteins)

Question 13

What is the form and function of Vesicles

Answer 13

Form = Phospholipid membrane

Transporting Golgi bodies products in/out of the cell via fusing/defusing from the cell membrane

Question 14

What is the form and function of Phospholipids

Answer 14

Form = Hydrophobic inner layer (water hating)
Hydrophilic outer layer (water loving)

Separation and transport (Selective permeability)

Question 15

What is the form and function of the Golgi bodies

Answer 15

Form = Membrane sac

Turns Proteins into Hormones.
Combines Proteins and Carbs to form molecules, that are put into vesicles for transport

Question 16

What is the form and function of the Centrosome

Answer 16

Form = Two Centrioles

Turns proteins into microtubles.
Pulls apart chromatids during cell division.

Question 17

What is the form and function of the Chromatin

Answer 17

Form = Packaged DNA

Turns into Chromosomes during cell division.

Question 18

What is the form and function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

Answer 18

Form = Phospholipids

Cell detox via lipid making enzymes, and stores ions

Question 19

What is the form and function of the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 19

Form = Golgi bodies layers

Processing - Packaging - and sending of proteins

Question 20

What is the form and function of the Ribosomes

Answer 20

Form = Two subunits both containg rRNA / Proteins, attached to the Rough ER or free roaming.

Turns amino acids into polypeptides.

Question 21

What is resonance energy transfer

Answer 21

The transfer of absorbed energy in a photonexcited electron to another electron in an adjacent pigment molecule.

Question 22

What is the function of the Xylem

Answer 22

Transports water in root based plants.

Question 23

What is photosynthesis

Answer 23

The conversion of light energy (Photons), into chemical energy.

Question 24

What is a Quantum

Answer 24

A packet of energy carried by a photon.

Question 25

What is the form and function or Vaculoes

Answer 25

Form = Water filled sacs. The reinforce the plants walls via turgor pressure, and the disposal of waste.

Question 26

What is the form and function of Thylakoids

Answer 26

Form = Stacked grana. (Inside membrane = Lumen. Outside membrane = Stroma) Stores chlorophyll in Chloroplasts.

Question 27

What is the form and function of the stomata

Answer 27

Form = Pores on the leaves. Let CO2 in and Oxygen out.

Question 28

What is the form and function of the Photosystem 2 (PS2)

Answer 28

Form = combination of 99+ chemicals and 30 chlorophyll molecules. Receives energy from sun light as photons.

Question 29

What is Photo-Phosphorylation?

Answer 29

ATP synthesis powered by energy derived from the sun.

Question 30

What is Photoexcitation

Answer 30

Electron that is excited by a photon. Excited = charged.

Question 31

What is the form and function of Chloroplasts

Answer 31

Form = Thylakoids (contains chlorophyll) Turns light energy into sugar and oxygen.

Question 32

What is the form and function of the Chlorophyll?

Answer 32

Form = Green pigment Absorbs photons from sunlight.

Question 33

What is the Absorption spectra?

Answer 33

The displayed characteristics that describes the particular wave-lengths of light that can be absorbed.

Question 34

What is the function of Chlorophyll-binding proteins?

Answer 34

Stabilise chlorophyll within a photosystem modify absorption spectra of specific chlorophyll molecules.

Question 35

What is Photoreduction?

Answer 35

The light dependent generation of NADPH.

Question 36

What is a Photochemical reduction?

Answer 36

The transfer of a photoexcited electron to another molecule.

Question 37

What is the function of Porins?

Answer 37

Allows passage of solutes with molecular weights up to 5000.

Question 38

What is the function of Photosystem 1 (PS1)

Answer 38

Photons charge electrons -> Charged electrons are transported to NADP+ Reductase VIA mobile electron carriers.

Question 39

What is the function of Plastids?

Answer 39

Make and store needed compounds.

Question 40

What is the function of NADP+ Reductase?

Answer 40

The process of NADP+ gaining 2 electrons and 1 hydrogen to make NADPH.

Question 41

What is the form and function of the Cell wall?

Answer 41

Form = Cellulose and lignin. Structural support and protection.

Question 42

What are 3 examples of light dependent reactions?

Answer 42

Photosystem 2 Photosystem 1 Cytochrome complex

Question 43

What is the function of Accessory pigments?

Answer 43

Absorbing photons that cannot be captured by chlorophyll pigments.

Question 44

What are photoheterotrophs?

Answer 44

Organisms that acquire energy from sunlight, but need reduced carbon from organic sources.

Question 45

What is the definition of the Electron transport chain (ETC)

Answer 45

Energised electrons losing energy while cells capture and store released energy.

Question 46

What is the function of the Cytochrome complex?

Answer 46

Pumps protons into the hypertonic lumen via little energy use. Protons then pushed through ATP synthase into the stroma.

Question 47

What is the form and function of the Stroma

Answer 47

Form = Enclosed by a inner membrane (Gel-like matrix) Contains enzymes for carbon, nitrogen, and Sulfur reduction and assimilation.

Question 48

What is the form and function of the Plasmodesma?

Answer 48

Form = Cilia like Connects cells to neighbouring plant cells