Cells/Intro To PHG

Question 1

Physiology is…

Answer 1

…the science that is concerned with the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved, it is necessary for understanding disease processes

Question 2

The goal of physiology is to…

Answer 2

…explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life.

Question 3

Cells vary in their shape, size, and arrangements but all cells have similar components, each with a particular function. True or false?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

How many cells make up human body?

Answer 4

About 100 trillion

Question 5

All human cells are microscopic in size, shape and function. True or false?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Size range of human cells

Answer 6

The diameter range from 7.5 micrometer (RBC) to 150 mm (ovum).

Question 7

Water is largely present in fat cells. True or false?

Answer 7

False

Question 8

What are the substances that make up the cell protoplasm?

Answer 8

Water
Ions
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

Question 9

Importance of water in the cell

Answer 9

Solvent for cellular chemicals, for chemical reactions

Question 10

Membranous structures of the cell

Answer 10

• Cell membrane
• Nuclear membrane
• Membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
• Membranes of the mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus.

Question 11

What are the ions found in cells?

Answer 11

K, Mg, PO4, HCO3

Question 12

Non-membranous structures of the cell

Answer 12

Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Fat globules
Glycogen granules
Secretory vesicles

Question 13

Thickness of the cell membrane

Answer 13

7.5 to 10 nanometers thick

Question 14

The cell membrane is semi-permeable. True or false?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

The cell membrane is made up of..

Answer 15

Lipids and Proteins

Question 16

Describe the fluid mosaic model

Answer 16

It is composed of a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules with many protein molecules (integral and peripheral) dispersed within it

Question 17

Phospholipid molecules in lipid bilayer

Answer 17

phosphatidylcholine
phosphatidylserine
phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 18

Ratio of phospholipids to proteins in fluid mosaic model

Answer 18

50:1

Question 19

In eukaryotes, cell membranes also contain…

Answer 19

Glycosphingolipids
Sphingomyelin
Cholesterol

Question 20

Parts of the fluid mosaic model

Answer 20

The surfaces of the membrane are “hydrophilic” due to the polar phosphate heads;

b. The internal portion of the membrane is “hydrophobic” due to the non-polar fatty acid tails; the membrane is thus described as being amphipathic.
c. The membrane proteins also have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 21

Why is the membrane is described as being amphipathic?

Answer 21

It contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

Question 22

The lipid layer in the middle of the membrane is permeable to the usual water-soluble substances. True or false?

Answer 22

False. It is impermeable

Question 23

What can permeate the middle of the cell membrane?

Answer 23

Fat-soluble substances, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and alcohol

Question 24

Functions of plasma membrane

Answer 24

• Boundary
• Markers for identification
• Transport
• Houses proteins

Question 25

What forms the thin continuous non-polar barrier into the cell?

Answer 25

The hydrophobic part

Question 26

The cholesterol molecule in the cell membrane helps to...

Answer 26

...determine the degree of permeability of the bilayer to water-soluble constituents of the body fluids

Question 27

Types of membrane proteins

Answer 27

Integral | Peripheral

Question 28

Proteins contained in the basal lamina and ECM

Answer 28

``` Collagens Lamini Fibronectin Tenascin Various proteoglycans ```

Question 29

Functions of proteins contained in the basal lamina and ECM

Answer 29

They hold cells together, regulate their development, and determine their growth.

Question 30

Membrane carbohydrates are referred to as

Answer 30

Glycocalyx

Question 31

Functions of glycocalyx

Answer 31

Act as identification markers, gives cell negative charge, cell to cell attachment, receptors

Question 32

Glycocalyx exists as

Answer 32

Glycoproteins Glycolipids Proteoglycans

Question 33

The cytoplasm is a gel-like matrix of...

Answer 33

water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases

Question 34

Fluid around the organelles is called

Answer 34

Cytosol

Question 35

Most of the cells metabolic reactions occur in the

Answer 35

Cytoplasm

Question 36

RER function

Answer 36

Protein synthesis and intraceluar transportation of molecules

Question 37

Functions of SER

Answer 37

Cholesterol synthesis Stores calcium (sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscles) Site of detoxification processes in other cells

Question 38

Golgi apparatus are common in...

Answer 38

Secretory cells

Question 39

What processes substances from ER to form lysosomes, secretory vesicles etc?

Answer 39

Golgi

Question 40

Golgi main function

Answer 40

Modification, Packaging, and Transport of proteins