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Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ANS?

A

The Autonomic System, a self-adjusting system, is the part of the NS that is responsible for homeostasis.

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2
Q

The ANS consists of…

A

…a system of neurons within the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions called the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

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3
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

The meeting point of two neurons

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4
Q

The ANS depends on the CNS to function properly. True or false?

A

False

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5
Q

Survival is possible without the ANS. True or false?

A

True.

Although survival is possible without an ANS, the ability to adapt to environmental stressors and other challenges is severely compromised

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6
Q

Function of the ANS

A

It regulates the activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. It controls visceral functions that occur below the level of consciousness.

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7
Q

Physiological properties of the AND

A
  • High speed of onset
  • Automatic nature
  • Tonic activity
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8
Q

The ANS supplies innervation to all organs except…

A

…the skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Structurally then ANS includes…

A
  1. Autonomic sensory neurons (afferents)
  2. Integrating centers in the CNS
  3. Autonomic motor neurons (efferents)
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10
Q

ANS Pathway for viscera system

A
  • Receptors
  • Afferents
  • Control Centres
  • Efferents
  • Effector organs
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11
Q

Which organs make up the CNS?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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12
Q

Nerve differences between ANS and SoNS

A

SoNS - One neuron involved in pathway
ANS - 2 neurons involved in automatic ganglion

SoNS - Effect of neuron is always excitation
ANS - Effect is either excitatory or Inhibitory

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13
Q

Explain the arrangement or pathway of the neurons in the ANS

A

The 2 neurons synapse such that the axon of the first leaves the CNS to synapse with the second whose axon extends to the effector in an autonomic ganglion

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14
Q

Properties of preganglionic (neuron #1)

A
  • Always myelinated

- Neurotransmitter is always ACh

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15
Q

All preganglionic neurons are cholinergic. True or false?

A

True

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16
Q

Properties of postganglionic (neuron #2)

A
  • Always nonmyelinated

- Neurotransmitter is Ach or norepinephrine

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17
Q

The neurotransmitter of the postganglionic neuron in the SNS is…

A

…norepinephrine

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18
Q

The neurotransmitter of the postganglionic neuron in the PNS is…

A

…acetylcholine

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19
Q

The neurotransmitter of the preganglionic neuron in the SNS is…

A

…acetylcholine. It’s in the same in the PNS

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20
Q

The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are located in…

A

… the intermediolateral (IML) horn cells of the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar portions (T1 – L3/4) or lateral gray horns

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21
Q

What is the thoracolumbar portion of the ANS?

A

The SNS

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22
Q

Synapses or ganglia of neurons #1 and #2 in the SNS are in…

A

… a chain of ganglia that run alongside the spinal cord and extends on both sides of the vertebral column

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23
Q

The sympathetic chain ganglia carries…

A

…preganglionic fibers and cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

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24
Q

Routes of preganglionic axons

A
  • Cell bodies of neurons #1 lie in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
  • Axons of neurons #1 leave the spinal cord via the ventral root (VR)
  • These axons pass to the spinal nerve
  • Axons leave the spinal nerve via the white branches (rami communicantes)
  • Connect with the sympathetic chain ganglia and some end on cell bodies of postganglionic fibres
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25
Axons of neurons #1 leave the spinal cord...
... via the ventral root
26
Axons leave the spinal nerve via...
...the white branches (rami communicantes)
27
3 possible routes that a preganglionic neuron entering the sympathetic chain can follow tor synapse
- Synapses with cells within the ganglion at that level - Goes up or down the chain and synapses at some other level. - Does not synapse in the chain but exits and synapses in a collateral ganglion near a major blood vessel.
28
After synapse with preganglionic neurons in the SNS, the postganglionic nerves leave the ganglion...
...at the level of the synapse via the gray ramus communicantes, and exits to the visceral effector.
29
What is the collateral ganglion
Aka preverterbal ganglion, it is a homologue of vertebral ganglion found in the abdominal cavity near a major blood vessel
30
What are the collateral ganglia?
- Superior cervical - Celiac - Superior and inferior mesenteric - Aorticorenal
31
The celiac ganglion inner area...
... the upper abdominal viscera
32
Which collateral ganglion innervates the middle abdominal viscera?
Superior mesenteric
33
The inferior mesenteric ganglion innervates the lower abdominal viscera. True or false?
True, and pelvic too
34
The aorticorenal ganglion innervates...
... the pelvic plexus
35
Why is synapse in the adrenal medulla unique?
The preganglionic fibres pass through the vertebral and collateral ganglia but do not synapse at either. Instead, they terminate in the adrenal medulla
36
Only preganglionic neurons are in the medulla pathway. True or false?
True
37
The medulla releases...
... norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) to blood
38
Cholinergic neurons release...
...acetylcholine
39
Adrenergic neurons release...
...Epi or Norepinephrine (Noradrenergic)
40
What are the cholinergic neurons?
- All preganglionic - All postganglionic in PNS - SNS postganglionic that innervate sweat glands and blood vessels
41
All sympathetic postganglionic are adrenergic except...
...those that innervate blood vessels in some skeletal muscles and sweat glands
42
Functions of SNS
* Pupils dilate * Stimulates viscous salivation * Tachycardia and increased CO * Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle and reduced flow to skin and mesentary * Hair erection * Bronchorelaxation * Stimulates sweat glands * Decreased motility and secretion
43
The SNS is responsible for bronchorelaxation. True or false?
True
44
Effects of SNS
* Increased glucose production, lipolysis and basal metabolic rate * Increased norepinephrine production * Relaxes urinary bladder * Constricts urinary sphincter * Stimulates ejaculation * Stimulates uterine contraction
45
The SNS relaxes the bladder. True or false?
True
46
What is convergence?
When many preganglionic inputs from the same or different segments converge on a single sympathetic ganglion or postganglionic neuron.
47
Examples of sympathetic convergence
The heart
48
What is divergence?
When preganglionic sympathetic neurons innervate many postganglionic neurons in a given ganglion up to 3 or 4 segments up or down the chain
49
The PNS is also referred to as the...
...craniosacral division
50
The cell bodies of the PNS reside in...
...the brain stem (cranial nerves) or in the gray matter (sacral portion) of the spinal cord.
51
Preganglionic neurons in the PNS exit the cranial region via...
...cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, & 10
52
Preganglionic neurons in the PNS exit the spinal (sacral) region via...
...the sacral spinal nerves (S2 S3 S4)
53
Which is longer in the PNS - preganglionic or postganglionic neurons?
Preganglionic
54
Ganglia in the PNS are found...
...on, or near the visceral effector
55
The cranial nerve fibers involved are in the PNS are...
... motor - they control smooth muscle & glands in the upper body.
56
Cranial nerve #3 innervates the...
...lens & pupil
57
Cranial nerve #7 innervates the...
...lacrimal glands, submandibular & submaxillary glands (salivary) •Cranial nerve #9 – parotid gland (salivary) •Cranial nerve #10 - viscera of thorax & abdomen
58
Cranial nerve #9 innervates the...
...parotid gland (salivary)
59
Cranial nerve #10 innervates the...
...viscera of thorax & abdomen
60
Sacral nerves innervate the...
...kidneys, colon, & sex organs
61
Neurotransmitters of the PNS
Both preganglionic and postganglionic are cholinergic
62
Functions of the PNS
It prepares the individual for rest and repose. It is also called the rest and digest system
63
Effects of parasympathetic stimulation
- Stimulates release of bile - Dilates intestinal blood vessels - Contracts urinary bladder - Relaxes urinary sphincter- micturition - Stimulates penile erection
64
Which part of the ANS stimulates penile erection?
PNS
65
Effects of PNS on organs
``` Constricts pupil (myosis) Secretes tears Bronchoconstriction Bradycardia Stimulates salivary glands to produce watery fluid Stimulates digestion ```
66
Nerve terminals of postganglionic neurons are located in...
...smooth muscle (eg, blood vessels, gut wall, urinary bladder), cardiac muscle, and glands (eg, sweat gland, salivary glands).

General Physio/ANS (8 decks)

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