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General Physio/ANS > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Shape and dimension of RBC

A

7.5um diameter, 2.0um thickness

Biconcave disc shape, which is suited for gas exchange

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2
Q

Reason for biconcave shape

A

The shape is flexible so that RBCs can pass though the smallest blood vessels, i.e., capillaries.

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3
Q

Structure of RBC

A

Primary cell content is hemoglobin, no nucleus nor mitochondria to aid functionality

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4
Q

Haemogbobin consists of

A

Globin and Heme pigments

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5
Q

Globin consists of…

A

… 2 alpha and 2 beta or gamma subunits

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6
Q

HBF

A

In foetuses, alpha and games

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7
Q

HBA

A

In adults, alpha and beta subunits

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8
Q

Each globin subunit binds to…

A

…a heme group

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9
Q

Each heme group consists of:

A

An atom of Fe, which binds reversibly with one oxygen molecule

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10
Q

How many molecules of oxygen does a haemoglobin unit carry?

A

4

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11
Q

Haemoglobin content relative to age

A

It reduces with unceasing age

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12
Q

Deoxygenate haemoglobin

A

CO binding to heme instead of oxygen, since it has higher affinity

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13
Q

Solution to deoxygenate haemoglobin

A

Hyperbaric oxygen chamber

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14
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A
  • bound with oxygen
  • red
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15
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A
  • free of oxygen
  • dark red
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16
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

20% of carbon dioxide in the blood binds to the globin part of hemoglobin, which is called carbamino-hemoglobin

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17
Q

Mean Corpuscular Volume

A

Update

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18
Q

Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin

A

Update

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19
Q

Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration

A

Update

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20
Q

Colour Index

A

Update

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21
Q

Functions of erythrocytes

A
  • Transport of oxygen as carbon IV oxide

- Buffer for body pH

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22
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

The process through which whole red blood is produced

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23
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of erythrocytes

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24
Q

All blood cells, including red and white, are produced in…

A

…the red bone marrow.

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25
How many blood cells are produced daily?
On average, one ounce, or 100 billion blood cells, are made each day.
26
What is the red bone marrow?
The red bone marrow is a network of reticular connective tissue that borders on wide blood capillaries called blood sinusoids.
27
Steps in erythropoiesis
``` Haemocytoblast Proerythroblast Erythoblast Normoblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte ```
28
Erythropoiesis stem cell
Haemocytoblast
29
Erythropoiesis committed cell
Proerythrocyte
30
Erythropoiesis precursor cells
Erythroblast Normoblast Retiulocyte
31
Where does erythropoiesis occur in children?
Literally all bones, till about age 5
32
Where does erythropoiesis occur in adults
Membranous bones such as: - Sternum - Ribs - Vertebrae - Ilia
33
The goal of erythropoiesis regulation...
1. Adequate supply of RBCs for sufficient oxygen transport | 2. Control over excess production
34
What controls erythropoiesis?
Renal oxygen content; the amount of oxygen transported to tissues in relation to tissue demand for oxygen
35
Principal stimulus for erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin
36
Causes of renal blood oxygen drop
- Reduced numbers of red blood cells due to hemorrhage or excess RBC destruction - High altitudes or during pneumonia causing low oxygen supply - Aerobics and exercise causing increased oxygen demand
37
Legal ways to increase RBC count in sports
By training athletes at high altitude
38
Illegal ways to increase RBC count in sports
Use erythropoietin, androgen, or their analogs
39
Dietary requirements for erythropoiesis
Iron Vitamin B12 Folic acid
40
Erythrocyte Disorders
Anaemia | Polycythemia
41
Anaemia
A condition in which the blood has an abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity.  
42
Causes of anaemia
- Insufficient number of red blood cells - Decreased hemoglobin content - Abnormal hemoglobin
43
Types of anaemia which are caused by genetic defects
Thalassemia | Sickle-cell anemia
44
Polycythemia
An abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases the viscosity of the blood, causing it to sludge or flow sluggishly.
45
Common causes of polycythemia
- Bone marrow cancer - Reduced availability of oxygen as at high altitudes
46
The average lifespan of erythrocytes
120 days
47
Erythrocytes can metabolize glucose and form ATP. True or false?
True
48
What happens to the metabolic systems of erythrocytes with age?
They become progressively less active.
49
Where do weak RBCs rupture?
The spleen; it happens as they pass through a tight spot of circulation here
50
Aftermath of haemolysis
The RBCS... - They release haemoglobin - Haemoglobin is phagocytosis by macrophages - Macrophages release iron and pass it back to blood and convert Porphyrin portion of haemoglobin to bilirubin - Blood uses iron for haematopoiesis and stores some in liver - Bilirubin is released into blood and removed by secretion through liver into bile m
51
Abnormal haemoglobin condition called haemoglobinpathies
Genetic disorder caused by abnormal polypeptide chains of haemoglobin such as Haemoglobin S, C, E, M (Methomoglobin)
52
What is jaundice?
A yellowish pigmentation of the skin and sclera of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels.
53
Normal bilirubin level in adults
0.3mg/dl to 1mg/dl
54
Which bilirubin level typically results in jaundice?
2mg/dl
55
Causes of jaundice or high unconjugated bilirubin
- Excess RBC breakdown - Large bruises - Starvation - Thyroid problems
56
High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to...
- Liver diseases - Infections - Medication - Blocked bile duct
57
Types of jaundice
Hepatic Haemolytic Obstructive
58
Hepatic jaundice
Caused by diseases of the liver resulting in ineffective filtering of bilirubin from blood
59
Haemolytic jaundice
Caused by accelerated breakdown of RBC leading to increased bilirubin production
60
Obstructive jaundice
Caused by obstruction of liver ducts, preventing bilirubin from leaving liver
61
Jaundice in newborn
It is physiological because of increased haemolysis, accompanied by increased erythropoiesis as a result of physiological hypoxia. Typically resolved within 2 weeks.

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