cells & molecules lvl 1 Flashcards
(29 cards)
describe the structure present in all cell types
cells can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic
e.g of eukaryotic is plants fungi and algae and prokaryotic is archea
eukaryotic - nuclear membrane and membrane bound organelles
prokaryotic - lack nuclear membrane and no membrane bound organelles
cell membrane- forms selective barrier, has phospholipid bilayer, embedded in the membrane are proteins which act as receptors and detect chemical messengers & signalling molecules in the extracellular fluid
what is the other name for cell membrane
plasma membrane or plasmalemma
describe the role of cytoskeleton
supports and maintains cell shape
movement and positioning
give 2 examples of surface projections on eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cilia : short, moves in stiff strokes and present in many
flagella : long threadlike structures, one or two present (e.g sperm)
describe the nucleus
contains DNA
enclosed in nuclear membrane
associated with the RER
roles of the RER
Modifies proteins AFTER they have been synthesised
roles of golgi apparatus
packages up proteins in preparation for transport out of the cell
roles of SER
production of steroid hormones and lipids and metabolism of toxins
describe the structure of the mitochondria
bound by phospholipid bilayer
the outer membrane has pores
the inner membrane has cristae (folds)
it is the primary site of cellular respiration
where is the matrix located and describe its role
in the mitochondria
contains most of the enzymes required for metabolizing food molecules
what are stem cells and gives example of their usage
cells which can differentiate
can be used for treatment of cancer
what does the term multipotent mean
differentiate into many
what does the term pluripotent mean
differentiate into any
undifferentiated cells result in what? describe if these are genetically different or not
formation of daughter cells which are genetically identical.
different gene expression and internal environment causes the daughter cells to develop into different cell types
what is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis
apoptosis is programmed cell death & is controlled (normal process)
necrosis is the untimely death of cells in response to injury or infection(not a normal process)
how many functional groups can biomolecules obtain?
more than one
describe the importance of configuration and conformation in biomolecules
biomolecules contain a C=C bond which means they cannot rotate.
they have two configurations, cis & trans
(in cis the group are same side of double bond but trans the groups are in opposite directions)
configuration is important biologically due to Rhodopsin. Once exposed to light alters the configuration of the retinal (from cis to trans) which sends signals to allow us to see
symmetrical carbon molecules and asymmetrical ones are called what?
symmetrical - achiral
asymmetrical - chiral
what form (D form or L form) do monosaccharides occur in?
D- form
what form (D form or L form are amino acid residue ?
L- form
list the 5 chemical reactions of life
- redox reactions
- making and breaking C-C bonds
- Internal rearrangements
- group transfer
- condensation and hydrolysis reactions
state 3 types of carbohydrates and their examples
polysaccharides e.g glycogen
monosaccharide e.g glucose
disaccharide e.g sucrose
describe the structure of nucleic acids
forms the core structure of DNA & RNA
-they’re polymers of nucleotide monomers linked by 3’ 5’ phosphodiester bonds
list the two purines and the two pyrimidines in RNA
purines = adenine & guanine
pyrimidines= uracil and cytosine
