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cellular adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

Endometrial “blank” due to increased “blank” can lead to “blank”

A

Endometrial …..hyperplasia…..due to increased……oestrogens…..can lead to…….Adenocarcinoma…

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2
Q

Epidermal growth factor is mitogenic for which cells (3)

A

Epithelial
Hepatocytes
fibroblasts

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3
Q

Glandular metaplasia in oesophagus can lead to?

A

adenocarcinoma

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4
Q

How are Cyclin-CDK complexes regulated

A

CDK inhibitors

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5
Q

How can cells increase growth in relation to cell cycle

A

Shorten the cell cycle
Convert quiescent cells to proliferating cells and have them enter cell cycle

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6
Q

How do activated CDKs drive the cell cycle

A

phosphorylation of proteins essential for cell cycle transitions

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7
Q

How do CDKs become active

A

Binding with cyclins

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8
Q

How is cell proliferation controlled

A

Signals from microenviroment which can either stimulate or inhibit cell proliferation

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9
Q

How is progression through cell cycle regulated

A

Through proteins called cyclins and cyclin-dependant kinases (CDKs)

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10
Q

How often does gut epithelium turn over

A

every 24 hours

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11
Q

In what cell populations can hyperplasia occur in

A

Labile
Stable

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12
Q

In what conditions does proliferation occur

A

Physiological
Pathological

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13
Q

Squamous metaplasia in bladder can lead to WHAT?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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14
Q

Squamous metaplasia in bronchus can lead to “WHAT” and “WHAT”

A

Squamous metaplasia in bronchus can lead to……Dysplasia…..and….squamous cell carcinoma

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15
Q

Squamous metaplasia in cervix can lead to what?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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16
Q

What 2 processes can occur when harmful agent is cause of injury

A

Resolution
Scar formation

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17
Q

What are examples of metaplasia

A

Bronchial pseudostratified ciliated epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

Barrett’s oesophagus

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18
Q

What are some examples of pathological atrophy

A

Loss of endocrine stimulus: Breast, reproductive organs

Persistent injury: polymyositis

Aging: senile atrophy

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19
Q

What are some examples of pathological hyperplasia

A

Eczema
Thyroid goitre in iodine deficiency

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20
Q

What are some examples of pathological hypertrophy

A

Ventricular cardiac muscle hypertrophy due to hypertension

Bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy

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21
Q

What are some physiological examples of hyperplasia

A

Endometrium proliferation under the control of oestrogen

Bone marrow production of Erythrocytes due to hypoxia

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22
Q

What are some physiological examples of hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscle
Pregnant uterus

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23
Q

What are the 2 different meanings of dysplasia

A

Abnormal cell development with abnormal cell cycle leading to cancer

Abnormal development and maturation of organ

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24
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of cell signalling

A

Survive
divide
differentiate
die

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25
What are the 5 main types of cell adaptation
Regeneration Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Atrophy Metaplasia
26
What are the causes of atrophy
Reduced functional demand Loss of innervation Inadequate blood supply (peripheral vascular disease) Inadequate nutrition (Sarcopenia)
27
What are the conditions for hyperplasia
Remains under physiological control Reversible Can occur secondary to pathological cause
28
What are the pathological causes of hyperplasia
Excess hormone stimulation growth factor production
29
What are the physiological causes of hyperplasia
Hormones Compensatory
30
What cells does hypertrophy occur mainly
Permanent cells
31
What check point in cancer cells commonly altered
r point
32
what do growth factors stimulate (5)
cell proliferation locomotion contractility differentiation angiogenesis
33
what is regeneration?
replacement of cells lost by identical cell
34
what is hyperplasia?
increase in tissue/organ size due to increase in number of cells
35
what is hypertrophy?
increase in tissue/organ due to increase in cell size
36
what is atrophy?
shrinkage of tissue/organ due to decrease in cell size or number
37
what is SLIM disease?
in regard to AIDS, individuals have gross body atrophy due to infection and systemic inflammation
38
what is metaplasia?
reversible change of one differentiated cell to another
39
what is aplasia?
complete failure of specific tissue/organ
40
what is hypoplasia?
underdevelopment of tissue/organ at embryonic stage
41
what is dysplasia?
abnormal maturation of cells in tissue
42
What does epidermal growth factor bind to
Epidermal growth factor receptor
43
What factors does the size of a cell population depend on
Rate of cell proliferation Cell differentiation Cell death by apoptosis
44
What is an example of physiological atrophy
Ovarian atrophy in post menopausal women
45
What is an increased number in cell population seen in
increased proliferation or decreased apoptosis
46
What is Barrett's oesophagus?
Metaplasia of squamous epithelia of oesophagus to columnar epithelia with goblet cells Paneth cells may also be present
47
What is epidermal growth factor produced by(3)
Keratinocytes inflammatory cells macrophages KIM
48
What is granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) used for treatment wise
Treat poorly functioning bone marrow e.g. chemotherapy and renal failure
49
What is hypertrophy due to
Increased functional demand Hormone stimulation
50
What is involution
Physiological atrophy through apoptosis
51
What is metaplasia due to
Stem cell differentiation
52
What is organ/tissue atrophy usually due to
Cellular atrophy and apoptosis
53
What is platelet-derived growth factor produced by(4)
macrophages endothelial cells smooth muscle cells tumour cells
54
What is reconstitution
Replacement of lost part of body
55
What is the function of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Induce blood vessel development (Vasculogenesis) Involved in growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
56
What is the role of platelet derived growth factor
Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and monocytes
57
What mechanism involved in atrophy
Increased protein degradation through ubiquitin proteasome pathway
58
What must a cell do to Die in response to cell signal
Undergo apoptosis
59
What must a cell do to Differentiate in response to cell signal
Take on specialised form and function
60
What must a cell do to Divide in response to cell signal
Enter cell cycle
61
What must a cell do to survive in response to cell signal
Resist apoptosis
62
What type of growth factor is epidermal growth factor
mitogenic
63
When does resolution occur in relation to harmful agents
When harmful agent removed and there is limited tissue damage
64
When does scar formation occur in relation to damage with harmful agents
Harmful agent still present Extensive tissue damage
65
When is platelet-derived growth factor released
platelet activation
66
Where is platelet-derived growth factor stored
platelet alpha granules
67
Which 3 specific tissues make up permanent tissue?
cardiac muscles skeletal muscles nerves
68
Which fat soluble vitamin deficiency can result in metaplasia?
Vitamin A
69
Which fat soluble vitamin is necessary for the differentiation of specialised epithelial surfaces?
vitamin A
70
Which phase specific cell cycle regulatory proteins activate CDKs?
cyclins
71
Which type of tissue cannot make new cells and hence only undergoes hypertrophy?
permanent tissue
72
"blanks" are proteins/factors whose serum concentrations change significantly in response to inflammation.
acute phase reactants
73
"blanks" are protein kinases that regulate the cell cycle and are constitutively expressed in the cell but left inactive.
CDKs
74
myositis ossificans
metaplastic disorder that involves connective tissue within muscle changing to bone during the healing process following trauma.

MoD (8 decks)

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