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healing and repair Flashcards

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1
Q

How long does it take to make fibrillar collagen?

A

1-2 hrs

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2
Q

In what phase of cell cycle are stable cells held in

A

G0 phase

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3
Q

Slow remodelling of collagen is aided by what enzyme

A

Collagenases

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4
Q

What are growth factors

A

Polypeptides that act on cell surface receptors

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5
Q

What are growth factors coded by

A

Proto-oncogenes

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6
Q

what are labile cells

A

Cells that multiply constantly throughout life

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7
Q

What are multipotent stem cells

A

Stem cells that produce several types of differentiated cells

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8
Q

What are some examples of growth factors

A

Epidermal growth factor
Vascular endothelial growth factor
platelet derived growth factor
tumour necrosis factor

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9
Q

What are some examples of labile tissue

A

Surface epithelia
haematopoietic tissue

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10
Q

What are some examples of regeneration

A

Healing by primary intention

superficial abrasion

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11
Q

What are some examples of stable tissue

A

Liver parenchyma
bone
endothelium

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12
Q

What are the 2 categories of collagen

A

Fibrillar : 1-3
Amorphous : 4-7

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of stem cells

A

Unipotent
Multipotent
totipotent

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14
Q

What are the clinical features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

A

Joints hypermobile
Predisposition to joint dislocation
Can lead to retinal detachment
Rupturing of colon can occur

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15
Q

what are the components of granulation tissue

A

Developing capillaries
Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts
chronic inflammatory cells

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16
Q

What are the consequences of scurvy

A

Unable to heal wounds
tooth loss
old scars break down and open up as new wounds

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17
Q

What are the different cell types

A

Permanent
stable
labile

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18
Q

What are the effects of adhesion formation in fibrous repair

A

compromise organ function
blocking of tubes

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19
Q

What are the effects of Alport syndrome

A

Dysfunction of glomerular basement membrane,

cochlea of ear and

lens of eye

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20
Q

What are the functions of granulation tissue(3)

A

Fill gap

supply oxygen,nutrients and cells through capillaries

contracts and closes hole

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21
Q

What are the processes that occur in order for scar formation

A

Haemostasis - secs to mins
acute inflammation - mins to hrs
chronic inflammation - 1to 2 days
granulation tissue formation - 3 dyas
early scar formation - 7 to 10 days
scar maturation - wks to yrs

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22
Q

What are totipotent stem cells

A

Stem cells that can produce any type of cell

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23
Q

what are unipotent stem cells

A

Stem cells that only produce one type of differentiated cell

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24
Q

What can cause insufficient fibrosis in fibrous repair

A

Obesity
elderly
malnutrition
steroid medication

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25
What collagen is abnormal in Alport syndrome
type IV
26
What collagen supporting structure is affected in scurvy
Collagen supporting blood vessels
27
What do patients with Alport syndrome present with
Haematuria in children/adolescents which eventually progresses to renal failure
28
what general factors can influence wound healing
1. Age 2. Anaemia, hypoxia and hypovolaemia 3. Obesity 4. Diabetes 5. Genetic disorders 6. Drugs 7. Vitamin deficiency 8. Malnutrition
29
What inflammatory cells involved in fibrous repair
Neutrophils macrophages lymphocytes
30
What inherited diseases can occur as a result of defective collagen synthesis
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Osteogenesis imperfecta Alport syndrome
31
What is a scar
area of fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after an injury
32
What is an acquired disease that can occur as a result of defective collagen synthesis
Scurvy
33
what is an example of loss of function in fibrous repair
replacement of specialised function tissue by scar tissue e.g. healed myocardial infarction with non-contracting areas of myocardium
34
What is an example of overproduction of fibrous scar tissue in fibrous repair?
Keloid scar
35
What is contact inhibition
regulatory mechanism that functions to keep cells growing into a layer one cell thick
36
What is the defect in the collagen synthesis in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Conversion of procollagen to tropocollagen
37
What is healing by primary intention
healing that occurs when a clean laceration or a surgical incision is closed primarily with sutures, Steri-Strips, or skin adhesive
38
what is healing by secondary intention
healing of an open wound, from the base upwards, by laying down new tissue
39
What is impaired in collagen synthesis as a result of scurvy
lack of vitamin C dependant hydroxylation of procollagen chains reduced cross linking
40
What is regeneration
Replacement of cell losses by identical cells to maintain tissue or organ size
41
What is the ability of tissue regeneration for labile tissue
Contain short lived cells that are replaced from cells derived from stem cells e.g. epithelia
42
What is the ability of tissue regeneration for stable tissue
Low level of replication but can undergo rapid proliferation in damage
43
What is the basic principle involved in wound healing
Close the gap Repair with scar
44
What is the difference between an abrasion and an ulcer
Abrasion is at the superficial layer whereas ulcer is deeper
45
What is the effect of excessive scar contraction in fibrous repair
obstruction of tubes
46
What is the function of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in fibrous repair
Produce extracellular matrix proteins ie collagen
47
What is the role of endothelial cells in fibrous repair
Angiogenesis
48
What is the role of growth factors
Bind to specific receptors stimulate transcription of genes that regulate entry of cells into cell cycle
49
What local factors can influence wound healing(5)
Type,size,location of wound mechanical stress blood supply local infection foreign bodies
50
What occurs in healing by primary intention
Epidermis regenerates dermis undergoes fibrous repair
51
What occurs in healing by secondary intention
Wound contraction must occur to close the wound scar formation new epidermis formed which is thinner than the original
52
What occurs in wound contraction in healing by secondary intention
Scab contracts when it dries and shrinks myofibroblasts appear and contract contract as if margins are drawn to centre
53
What processes are involved in wound healing
Haemostasis Inflammation Regeneration
54
What structure can we not grow back once we have a scar
Hair follicles in that area
55
What type of genetic condition is Alport syndrome
X linked recessive
56
what type of replication do stem cells show
Asymmetric replication
57
When are sutures taken out in primary intention
10 days, approximately 10% normal strength
58
When can regeneration occur
Damage occurs in labile or stable tissue tissue damage not extensive
59
When does an early scar form in scar formation?
7-10 days
60
When does fibrous repair occur
When there is significant tissue loss If permanent or complex tissue injured
61
When does granulation tissue form in scar formation
3 days
62
where is healing of primary and secondary intention used
skin wounds
63
Which cells replicate in regeneration
Stem cells
64
why are scars paler than other areas
Melanocytes dont regenerate in the area
65
Why does haemostasis need to occur in wound healing
Vessels are open
66
Why does inflammation need to occur in wound healing
Tissue injury has occurred that need repairing
67
Why is there tooth loss in scurvy
Collagen in peridontal ligaments short half life Normal collagen replaced by defective collagen
68
why must tissue damage not be extensive for regeneration to occur
regeneration requires an intact connective tissue scaffold to occur
69
what binds cells to each other
Cadherins

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