chronic inflammation

Question 1

What are giant cells?

Answer 1

multinucleate cells via fusion of macrophages

Question 2

What are langhans giant cells?

Answer 2

giant cells type that has nuclei arranged in horseshoe shaped pattern

Question 3

how are polymorphs in acute inflammation removed?

Answer 3

by macrophages

Question 4

what are skip lesions?

Answer 4

inflammation that skip parts of the bowel

Question 5

common causes of cirrhosis

Answer 5

alcohol
fatty liver disease
infection
immunological

Question 6

complications of liver cirrhosis

Answer 6

portal hypertension
liver failure
hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 7

What are some drug causes of Chronic peptic ulcer?

Answer 7

NSAID
Alcohol
Cigarettes
steroids

Question 8

What are some other examples of granulomatous infections?

Answer 8

leprosy
Syphilis
chronic fungal infections
“cat-scratch” disease

Question 9

What are some unknown causes of granulomatous inflammation

Answer 9

Sarcoidosis
Wegener’s granulomatosis
crohn’s disease

Question 10

what are the 2 main types of inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 10

Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis

Question 11

What are the 2 types of granulomas?

Answer 11

Foreign body granulomas - particles poorly soluble
Immune granulomas - cell mediated

Question 12

What are the categories of causes for granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 12

Mildly irritant foreign body
Infections
unknown causes

Question 13

What are the causes of Chronic peptic ulcer?

Answer 13

Helicobacter pylori
hyperacidity

Question 14

What are the general effects of chronic inflammation?

Answer 14

Fibrosis
Impaired function
Atrophy
Stimulation of immune response

Question 15

what are the outcomes of tuberculosis?

Answer 15

Arrest(Stopped progression)
Erosion into bronchus
Tuberculous empyema (collection of pus)
Erosion into blood stream

Question 16

What are the types of giant cells (3)

Answer 16

Langhans giant cell
Foreign body type
Touton type giant cell

Question 17

What are touton type giant cell?

Answer 17

multinucleated giant cell seen in lesions with high lipid content

Question 18

What cells involved in chronic inflammation?

Answer 18

macrophages
lymphocytes
plasma cells
fibroblasts

Question 19

What class of cytokines do macrophages produce?

Answer 19

IL
TNF

Question 20

What factors does macrophages release to control other cells (3)

Answer 20

EGF (epidermal growth factor)
FGF (Fibroblast growth factor)
PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)

Question 21

What gender more affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 21

3:1
female:male

Question 22

What histological feature is missing in gallbladder?

Answer 22

Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa

Question 23

thyrotoxicosis (graves disease)?

Answer 23

autoimmune disease

enlarged thyroid

increased t4/t3 and reduced TSH

Question 24

What immunological condition can lead to liver cirrhosis?

Answer 24

Primary biliary cholangitis

Question 25

What infection can cause cirrhosis?

Answer 25

Hepatitis B and C

Question 26

what is a caseating granuloma?

Answer 26

caseous necrosis occuring centralling in granuloma

Question 27

What is a granuloma?

Answer 27

Organised collection of epitheliod cells (modified macrophages)

Question 28

What is a infectious cause of granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 28

Myobacteria: Tuberculosis, leprosy or fungi

Question 29

What is an example of a foreign material cause of granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 29

Suture material

Question 30

What is an important component of tuberculosis structure?

Answer 30

Cell wall lipid made of Mycosides

Question 31

What is chronic cholecystitis?

Answer 31

inflammation of gallbladder cystic duct obstruction

Question 32

What is chronic inflammation?

Answer 32

long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years

Question 33

What is empyema?

Answer 33

collection of pus in the pleural cavity

Question 34

What is fistula formation?

Answer 34

abnormal connection between two hollow spaces

Question 35

What is formed as a result of cell mediated immunity with tuberculosis

Answer 35

epithelioid granuloma Caseous necrosis

Question 36

what is granulation tissue?

Answer 36

new connective tissue that develops during healing process

Question 37

What is granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 37

Chronic inflammation with granulomas

Question 38

What is inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer 38

idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting large and small bowel

Question 39

what is miliary TB?

Answer 39

type of tuberculosis that has spread beyond your lungs

Question 40

What is sclerosis?

Answer 40

stiffening of a tissue or anatomical feature

Question 41

What is the appearance of plasma cells?

Answer 41

Basophillic cytoplasm Clock face arragement

Question 42

What is the key cell involved in chronic inflammation

Answer 42

Macrophage

Question 43

What is the mnemonic for Chronic cholecystitis?

Answer 43

The 5 F's: Female Fair Fat Fertile Forty

Question 44

What is the role of foreign body granulomas?

Answer 44

Deal with particles that are poorly soluble

Question 45

What is transmural inflammation?

Answer 45

All layers of the bowel wall may be inflamed

Question 46

What occurs in crohn's disease?

Answer 46

Skip lesions granulomas transmural infections fibrosis obstruction fistula formation anal lesions

Question 47

What occurs to fibroblasts in chronic inflammation

Answer 47

Proliferation with collagen production leads to fibrosis

Question 48

What organism is Tuberculosis caused by?

Answer 48

Mycobacteria Tuberculosis

Question 49

What part of stomach affected in autoimmune gastritis?

Answer 49

Fundus body

Question 50

What process of blood vessels occurs in chronic inflammation?

Answer 50

Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels

Question 51

What processes occur in ulcertaive colitis?

Answer 51

large bowel Mucosal inflammation malignant change

Question 52

What receptor does macrophage have to detect Mycobacterium

Answer 52

CR3

Question 53

What structures does crohns disease affect?

Answer 53

Small bowel and large bowel

Question 54

What structures does ulcerative colitis affect?

Answer 54

large bowel mainly

Question 55

What type of cell mainly seen in chronic gastritis?

Answer 55

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 56

What type of cell mainly seen in rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 56

Plasma cells

Question 57

What type of cells seen in leishmaniasis (protozoal infection)

Answer 57

Macrophages

Question 58

When does a foreign body granuloma form

Answer 58

Foreign bodies or organisms that are difficult to eliminate

Question 59

When does chronic inflammation occur in relation to acute inflammation?

Answer 59

When damage is significant then repair and scarring occur

Question 60

When does immune granulomas arise?

Answer 60

cell mediated immunity

Question 61

Where is the common site for chronic peptic ulcers?

Answer 61

Antrum first part of duodenum