intro to carcinogenesis (neoplasm 1) Flashcards by Cordelia Kuti

carcinoma

malignant tumor originates in epithelium

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sarcoma

malignant tumor originates in mesechyme

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merkel cell carcinoma

neuroendocrine tumor of skin

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osteoma

benign tumor of bone

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where is BRCA 1 located on chromosomes

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where is BRCA 2 located on a chromosme

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where is cancer mestastases to bone most common

vertebral column

pelvis

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how do. pro-carcinogens get converted to carcinogens

by cytochrome P450

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How can extrinsic factors for cancers be categorised

Behavioural
environmental

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How can reproductive history in a women be related to cancer

History of long term exposure of oestrogen that is unopposed by progesterone can increase risk of cancer

E.g. later pregnancies

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How does epstein barr virus act as a carcinogen

Infect B lymphocytes and promotes cell survival and proliferation

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How does HIV act as a carcinogen

Indirectly lowers immunity allowing other carcinogenic infections to occur

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How many alleles must be inactivated in tumour suppressor genes for neoplastic growth

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How many alleles of proto-oncogenes need to be activated for neoplastic growth

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In what stages of carcinogenesis are chemicals involved in

Initiation and promotion

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Neoplasm

Abnormal growth of cells, persists after the initial stimulus is removed

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Radiation therapy causes single and double stranded

DNA breaks

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What advantages do germline mutations have in carcinogenesis

The germline mutation allows for neoplastic cells to have a head start in carcinogenesis

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What are examples of indirect infectious carcinogens

Hepatitis B and C
Parasitic flukes
Helicobacter pylori

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What are some behavioural factors associated with causes of cancer

High BMI
Low fruit and vegetable intake (Colorectal cancers)
Lack of physical activity
smoking
Alcohol use

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What are some enviromental factors associated with causes of cancer

Chemicals
Radiation
viruses

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What are some intrinsic factors for causes of cancer

Age-Older age more at risk
Gender-Related to hormones
Heredity

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What are the 2 categories of neoplasm

Benign
Malignant

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What are the 2 methods in which infections can cause carcinogenesis

Directly by affecting genes that control cell growth

Indirectly by causing chronic tissue damage resulting in regeneration

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What are the 2 pathways in cell signalling pathways for carcinogenesis

Mutation in Ras Lack of pRb

What are the 3 general stages of neoplasia

Initiation Promotion progression

What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer

1.self-sufficiency in growth signals; 2.resistance to growth stop signals; 3.no limit on the number of times a cell can divide (cell immortalisation); 4/sustained ability to induce new blood vessels (angiogenesis); 5.resistance to apoptosis; 6.the ability to invade and produce metastases

What are the different classifications of mutagenic chemical carcinogens

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - cigarette smoke aromatic amines - cigarette smoke N-nitroso compounds - smoked foods Alkylating agents - natural products - asbestos, aspergillus

What can asbestos act as in regards to carcinogenesis

Initiator and promotor

What cancer(s) are associated with Asbestos?

mesothelioma bronchogenic carcinoma

What do proto-oncogenes code for

Growth factors Growth factor receptors Plasma membrane signal transducers Intracellular kinases Transcription factors Cell cycle regulators Apoptosis regulators

What does E6 inhibit

p53

What does E7 inhibit

pRB

What is a complete carcinogen

Carcinogen that is a initiator and promotor

What is a pro-carcinogen

substance that is transformed into a carcinogen by metabolism

What is an example of a molecular alteration for growth indefinitely in cancer

Telomerase gene activation

What is an example of a molecular alteration for induction of new blood vessels in cancer

Activation of VEGF expression

What is an example of a molecular alteration for invasion and production of metastases in cancer

E-Cadherin mutation

What is an example of a molecular alteration for resistance to anti-growth signals in cancer

CDKN2A gene deletion

What is an example of a molecular alteration for resistance to apoptosis in cancer

BCL2 gene translocation

What is an example of a molecular alteration for self sufficient growth signals in cancer

HER2 gene amplification

What is an example of infection that is direct carcinogen

HPV

What is anaplastic tissue?

poorly differentiated tissue

What is desmoplastic tissue?

Fibrous tissue made in response to neoplasm.

What is genetic instability

high frequency of mutations within genome of cellular lineage

What is required for malignant neoplasm

Multiple mutations

What is the Ames test

method that uses bacteria to test if a given chemical can cause mutations in DNA.

What is the approximate number of mutations needs for malignant neoplasm

10 or less

What is the function of BRCA1 and BRCA2

Repair double strand DNA breaks

What is xeroderma pigmentosa due to

Mutations in one of 7 genes that effects DNA nucleotide excision repair

What occurs in direct DNA damage

Altered bases Single/double strand DNA breaks

What occurs in indirect DNA damage

Free radical production

What proteins does human papilloma virus express

E6 E7

What type of carcinogen is epstein barr virus

indirect

What type of condition is hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndrome

Autosomal dominant

What type of genetic condition is xeroderma pigmentosa

autosomal recessive

When do initiation and promotion lead to neoplasms

When proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes affected

Which 2 angiogenic growth factors are commonly produced by tumour cells?

FGF VEGF

Which cyclin-CDK complex functions to phosphorylate Rb bound to E2F?

CyclinD/CDK4 allows E2F to be free drive the transition into the S-phase cell cycle. Rb mutation allows for constitutively active E2F and uncontrolled cell growth.

Which neoplasm is associated with Actinic Keratosis?

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Which of the BRCA genes is involved with Male Breast Cancer?

BRCA2

Which transition point in the cell cycle is regulated by p53?

G1 to S

Which transition point in the cell cycle is regulated by Rb (retinoblastoma protein)?

G1 to S

protein upregulated by tumour suppressor p53 that functions to disrupt Bcl2, thereby causing apoptosis.

BAX decreased BCL2 leads to increase cytochrome c leakage from mitochondria and activates caspases

benign tumour of cartilage.

chondroma

what function of p53

tumour suppressor gene that upregulates BAX if DNA damage cannot be repaired.

what is the function of Rb

tumour suppressor protein that "holds" the E2F transcription factor needed for the transition into S-phase.

what is telomerase

enzyme involved with DNA replication that is often upregulated in cancer, thereby resulting in neoplastic cells having preserved telomeres.