Cellular and Molecular Basis for Medical Physiology

Question 1

Extracellular fluid is how much of total body fluid?

Answer 1

1/3 total body fluid

Question 2

Intracellular Fluid is how much of total body fluid ?

Answer 2

2/3 total body fluid

Question 3

Normal Plasma Osmality is

Answer 3

285-295mOsm/Kg (L)

Question 4

isotonic=

Answer 4

normal tonicity

Question 5

hypertonic >/= isotonic?

Answer 5

hypertonic > isotonic

in an isotonic solution water would flow out of cell and cause shrinkage

Question 6

hypotonic >/= isotonic?

Answer 6

hypotonic < isotonic

in an isotonic solution water will flow into cell and cause bursting

Question 7

Osmolality is calculated using what three electrolytes?

Answer 7

sodium (Na), Glucose, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Question 8

The osmolality of fluids affects __

Answer 8

water movement across cell and other semipermeable membranes

Question 9

energy is transferred to ___ for use in ____ to generate compounds with high-energy phosphate bonds (ATP, GTP, CoA)

Answer 9

transferred to coenzyme H+ acceptors such as NAD, NADP, FAD for use in oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

what is the ultimate source of energy for biological reactions?

Answer 10

compounds with high energy phosphate bonds - ATP,GTP, CoA

Question 11

Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle: oxidative phosphorylation occurs in _____

Answer 11

mitochondria

Question 12

does the Krebs cycle oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen? how many ATP/glucose does it produce?

Answer 12

-requires oxygen

36 ATP/ glucose produced

Question 13

Fatty acids are carried from cytosol into mitochondria by ______ metabolized in ______

Answer 13

fatty acyl carnitine metabolized in mitochondria

Question 14

energy from fat: ___ and ___

Answer 14

B-oxidation in Mitochondria and keto genesis

Question 15

ketogenesis

Answer 15

organisms produce ketone bodies through breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids

Question 16

ketones in the blood or urine suggests that fat is being metabolized at a ___ rate

Answer 16

high

Question 17

Glycolysis is the generation of __ from glucose?

How many ATP’s per glucose is made.

Answer 17

pyruvate; 2 ATP per glucose

Question 18

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic? Where does it take place?

Answer 18

anaerobic; cytoplasm

Question 19

Krebs citric acid cycle anaerobic or aerobic? where does it take place?

Answer 19

Aerobic, mitochondria

Question 20

Glycogenolysis

Answer 20

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose 1 phosphate

Question 21

gluconeogenesis

Answer 21

other substrates (like amino acids) are used to make glucose for other cells to use for energy

Question 22

Fatty acyl carnitine transports fatty acids in the ___ to the ___

Answer 22

cytosol to the mitochondria

Question 23

Acetal CoA is the precursor to the synthesis of ____ in _____

Answer 23

cholesterol in sterols

Question 24

in oder for acetal CoA to enter into the cycle, _____ must be present. If it in not/llimited, acytlCoA takes a different path that leads to ____

Answer 24

oxaloacetate; ketones

Question 25

energy from proteins: proteins serves as a ___ for synthesis of all proteins in our body & can also be metabolized for ____

Answer 25

substrate; energy

Question 26

liver function tests=

Answer 26

transaminases

Question 27

what are two transaminases

Answer 27

``` AST= aspartate aminotransferase ALT= Alanine aminotransferase ```

Question 28

what are transaminases?

Answer 28

functional enzymes that are important to normal metabolism

Question 29

the urea cycle takes place in the ___ and converts highly toxic ___ into less toxic ____ to be excreted waste in urine

Answer 29

liver; NH3/NH4; urea

Question 30

DNA is formed from ______ which bind together in a helical form by ____

Answer 30

2 chains of nucleotides; H bonds

Question 31

Adenine-___ | Cytosine-____

Answer 31

A: thymine C: Guanine

Question 32

the superstructure of chromosomes is held together with ____ and other proteins

Answer 32

histones

Question 33

___ are discontinuous sequences of DNA which code for the ____ of a single peptide chain

Answer 33

Genes; amino acid sequence

Question 34

Exons are coding/noncoding part of chain? | introns are coding/noncoding part of chain?

Answer 34

Exons= coding | Introns=non-coding

Question 35

RNA is formed from a ________ form from DNA template

Answer 35

single chains of nucleotides

Question 36

in RNA adenine:___

Answer 36

uracil (NOT thymine)

Question 37

____is transcribed from DNA (via pre-mRNA which requires processing)

Answer 37

Messenger RNA

Question 38

____ transports specific amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on ribosomes

Answer 38

transfer RNA

Question 39

____ uses mRNA to arrange amino acids in the proper order to form a protein

Answer 39

ribosomal RNA

Question 40

cytosolic protein released directly into ___. Secreted proteins released into ____.

Answer 40

cytosol; endoplasmic reticulum

Question 41

the _____ are the base for nucleic acid (DNA,RNA) formation.

Answer 41

nucleosides

Question 42

The ____ are phosphorylated nucleosides. The waste product of nucleoside degradation is ____ (associated with gout)

Answer 42

nucleotides; uric acid

Question 43

the center of the phospholipid bilayer is ___ and the outer side is ___

Answer 43

hydrophobic; hydrophilic

Question 44

proteins are ___ (penetrate into membrane) or ____ (associate with membrane surface)

Answer 44

integral; peripheral

Question 45

many proteins have ____ attached (glycoproteins),which increase _____ and affects function

Answer 45

carbohydrates; hydrophilicity

Question 46

proteins can function as ___, ___,____, ___ ,___

Answer 46

ion pumps, adhesion molecules, hormone/cytokine receptors, enzymes, transporters

Question 47

the cell membranes are a very metabolically active or inactive part of most organelles?

Answer 47

active

Question 48

lysosomes are formed from _____

Answer 48

Golgi apparatus

Question 49

lysosomes contain multiple _____ for digestion of organic molecules

Answer 49

lytic enzymes

Question 50

protein fibers (microtubules, microfilaments) do what ?

Answer 50

maintain cell shape, allow movement, facilitate cell polarity, cytosolic transport

Question 51

proteins/ organelles that allow movement are made up of proteins such as __, ___, ___, ___ which form the contractile elements of __, ___, ___

Answer 51

actin, myosin, dyenin, kinesin; cilia, flagella, muscle

Question 52

____ allow organ formation and cell interactions

Answer 52

cell-cell junctions

Question 53

tight junctions have the ____; ____ and zona adherens have some strength but less than tight junctions

Answer 53

highest strength; desmosomes

Question 54

what junction helps adhere to basal lamina

Answer 54

hemidesmosomes

Question 55

what junction allows small molecule passage

Answer 55

gap junction

Question 56

Nucleus contains ____ (condensed chromosomes), and ____ (RNA rich regions)

Answer 56

chromatin; nucleolus

Question 57

the nuclear membrane is continuous with the _____. (exports mRNA for translation)

Answer 57

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 58

the endoplasmic reticulum has membrane tubules with ribosomes (----) and without ribosomes (----)

Answer 58

RER; SER

Question 59

endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in _______ (SER) and _____ (RER)

Answer 59

steroid synthesis (SER); protein synthesis (RER)

Question 60

Protein secretion occurs via connection of ___ with ___

Answer 60

RER with Golgi

Question 61

Somatic Cell division =

Answer 61

mitosis

Question 62

normal somatic cells are ___ (46 chromosomes)= 23 chromosome pairs per parent

Answer 62

diploid

Question 63

somatic cell division (mitosis) steps

Answer 63

g0, G1, S phase, G2, M phase

Question 64

G0 phase

Answer 64

quiescent, non-proliferative, normal state for most cells (diploid, 23 chromosomes pairs in humans)

Question 65

G1 phase

Answer 65

initial cell growth, mostly protein and lipid production

Question 66

S phase

Answer 66

DNA synthesis occurs to form tetraploid cells (twice as much DNA as normal, enough for 2 cells)

Question 67

G2 phase

Answer 67

continued cell growth before division

Question 68

M phase

Answer 68

Mitosis, with cell division to 2 diploid cells

Question 69

Gamete (germ cell ) division= ___

Answer 69

meiosis

Question 70

Meiosis is similar to mitosis through g2 phase but paired chromatids separate to form 4 ____ cells (23 chromosomes total)

Answer 70

haploid

Question 71

Meiosis has 2 stages: ___

Answer 71

mitosis 1 and mitosis 2