General Concepts of Pathophysiology

Question 1

Natural history

Answer 1

the progression from the initial change associated with the disease to recovery or death

Question 2

Lesion

Answer 2

a tissue abnormality caused by disease or trauma

Question 3

Sign

Answer 3

an objective finding, can be documented (i.e provider can verify it) (recording a temperature, or seeing a bruise)

Question 4

Symptom

Answer 4

a subjective feeling or complaint (i.e. what the patient says happened)

Question 5

Sequelae

Answer 5

conditions resulting from disease or trauma (residual effects)

Question 6

Complication

Answer 6

a new problem resulting from the presence of a disease

Question 7

Resolution

Answer 7

describes the disappearance of a disease and return to health

Question 8

Inherited (familial) diseases

Answer 8

alterations/mutations result in abnormal protein production (i.e cystic fibrosis)

Question 9

Congenital diseases

Answer 9

prenatal (in utero) and neonatal (1st two months) disorders of development (ie. atrial-septal defect)

Question 10

metabolic Diseases

Answer 10

inherited or acquired deficiencies or abnormalities of metabolic systems or processes (i.e. phenylketonuria, diabetes)

Question 11

Degenerative disease

Answer 11

Gradual breakdown of tissue and loss of function (i.e osteoarthritis)

Question 12

Neoplastic diseases

Answer 12

Loss of growth control (i.e lung cancer)

Question 13

Immunologic diseases

Answer 13

over- or under- responsive immune system, against self-antigens (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis) or environmental antigens (i.e. poison ivy rash)

Question 14

Infectious Disease

Answer 14

microorganisms, parasites, or toxins they produce, resulting in tissue destruction (i.e. influenza)

Question 15

Physical agent induced disease

Answer 15

trauma or toxicity (i.e burn)

Question 16

Nutritional disease

Answer 16

deficiency and excess of nutrients (i.e vitamin deficiency, hypervitaminosis A)

Question 17

Iatrogenic Disease

Answer 17

caused by the health care system (i.e errors, therapy, complication, misdiagnosis)

Question 18

Psychogenic

Answer 18

originating in the mind (i.e. somatoform disorders)

Question 19

Idiopathic

Answer 19

cause is unknown (i.e idiopathic scoliosis )

Question 20

Factors that affect the “normal”

Answer 20

genetic, cultural, age, gender, situational, diurnal

Question 21

Cell-cell communication occurs via _____ which interact with complementary _____

Answer 21

secreted molecules (ligands); cell-associated molecules (receptors)

Question 22

cell surface receptors

Answer 22

hormones binding to receptor communicates signal through cell membrane via ion channels, enzyme activation - primarily water soluble hormones

Question 23

Intracellular receptors

Answer 23

hormone crosses membrane and binds to intracellular receptors which communicate the signal to the nucleus- primarily lipid soluble hormones

Question 24

Autocrine cell-cell communication

Answer 24

cells respond to signaling molecules that they secrete, providing feedback to themselves (rapid onset, short duration, very specific effect)

Question 25

Synaptic cell-cell communication

Answer 25

Nervous System (neurotransmitters in synapse) (rapid onset, short duration, very specific effect)

Question 26

Paracrine cell-cell communication

Answer 26

chemicals secreted into local area, then rapidly destroyed so only local cells affected (i.e histamine, eicosanoids) (slight delay in action, intermediate duration, several actions)

Question 27

Endocrine cell-cell communication

Answer 27

mediators which travel via bloodstream, target cells widely distributed (i.e. protein and steroid hormones) (delayed action, long duration, multiple actions)

Question 28

Cell growth and division is strictly regulated to address needs of ______

Answer 28

tissue growth, development and maintenance

Question 29

Mitosis

Answer 29

somatic cell division where each daughter cell receives an identical and complete set of 46 chromosomes

Question 30

Meiosis

Answer 30

Gamete (egg and sperm) cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced in half (diploid to haploid, 23 in human)

Question 31

hyperplasia

Answer 31

increase in number of cells in an organ

Question 32

atrophy

Answer 32

decrease in size of cells that can lead to cell death (apoptosis)

Question 33

Growth factors are ____ (autocrine, paracrine, endocrine) secreted by cells which affect the rate of differentiation

Answer 33

hormones;