General Concepts of Pathophysiology-2

Question 1

Adaptation

Answer 1

helps cells adapt to stress

Question 2

Injury

Answer 2

occurs when cells are unable to adapt to stress

-reversible injury and irreversible injury

Question 3

death

Answer 3

the end stage of irreversible cellular injury

- necrosis and apoptosis

Question 4

____ changes start immediately upon injury

Answer 4

biochemical

Question 5

_____ changes occur after biochemical derangements

Answer 5

morphological

Question 6

the response of the cell to injury depends on ___ , ___, ____

Answer 6

length of time of exposure to the injurious agent, dose of injurious agent, type of cell and its ability to adapt

Question 7

injurious agents interfere with membrane-bound calcium ATPase (removes Ca from cell), allowing __________

Answer 7

calcium to enter and accumulate in cytosol and organelles

• will result in biochemical changes, water influx, organelle and cell swelling and loss of function-

Question 8

increased intracellular calcium activates__, ___, ___, ___

Answer 8

phospholipase, proteases, ATPases, endonucleases

Question 9

phospholipases

Answer 9

destroy membrane phospholipids

Question 10

proteases

Answer 10

destroys cell proteins

Question 11

ATPases

Answer 11

results in ATP depletion

Question 12

endonucleases

Answer 12

degrades nucelar DNA

Question 13

decrease/loss of ATP within cell due to decrease in oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria will lead to:

Answer 13

increased anaerobic glycolysis, generating lactic acid; reduced intracellular pH (causing morphological changes)

Question 14

Morphological features of an injured cell (5)

Answer 14

increase in cell size, swelling of mitochondria and ER, nuclear and chromosomal changes, detachment of ribosomes, small cytoplasmic blebs —- these changes reflect initial membrane damage—

Question 15

when can cell injury be reversible?

Answer 15

if the cell is not exposed to its injurious stimulus for a long time or is a particularly resilient cell

Question 16

When can cell injury be irreversible?

Answer 16

when critical biochemical events have occurred- mitochondria dysfunction and disturbances in plasma membrane function

Question 17

all cells die either by ____ or ___

Answer 17

necrosis or apoptosis

Question 18

Necrosis is the types of cell death resulting from _____ cell injury

Answer 18

irreversible

Question 19

Necrosis always indicates a ____ and usually involves ____

Answer 19

pathological process; injury to many cells within the area of tissue because release of lysosomal enzymes injures nearby cells and tissues

Question 20

necrotic cells/tissues initiate an ____ response, which may further injure surrounding cells and tissues

Answer 20

inflammatory response

Question 21

Coagulative necrosis results from

Answer 21

denaturation of proteins

Question 22

Liquefactive necrosis results from

Answer 22

autodigestion (resulting in cells dissolving

Question 23

Causeous necrosis occurs with

Answer 23

chronic and granulomatous inflammation, (looks cheesy)

Question 24

fat necrosis occurs when

Answer 24

fat cell become necrotic, both liquifactive and coagulative necrosis occurs

Question 25

apoptosis =

Answer 25

"programmed cell death"

Question 26

for apoptosis, a distinctive pattern of cell death occurrs in ______ for example:

Answer 26

Specific physiologic and pathologic circumstances ex: programmed cell death during embryogenesis and development- hormonal dependent changes in adult tissues- certain neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, cancer, ischemic damage

Question 27

apoptosis morphological characteristics: - involves _____ - pronounced ____ with formation of ___ - removed by ____ - does not cause ____

Answer 27

- involves single cells or small groups of cells - pronounce cytoplasmic blobbing with formation of membrane bound apoptotic bodies - removed by macrophages - does not cause an inflammatory response, lysosomal enzymes are not released

Question 28

Cellular Atrophy: - ____ in cell size - if prolonged it may progress to ____

Answer 28

- shrinkage | - cell death by apoptosis

Question 29

Physiologic atrophy: normal changes in cells and organs generally related to ____ or ____

Answer 29

developmental or hormonal changes

Question 30

Pathologic atrophy: changes in cells and organs related to some ____. ex: (4) _____

Answer 30

pathology; loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation

Question 31

Cellular Hypertrophy: an _____ in the size of cells with resulting increase in organ size. Size is related to _______.

Answer 31

increase; increased cellular components

Question 32

Physiological hypertrophy: related to _______. Enhances ____.

Answer 32

increase functional demand or specific hormonal stimulation; enhances function

Question 33

Pathologic hypertrophy: related to _____. Results in _____

Answer 33

increases functional demand or specific hormonal stimulation, causing pathology. Results in reduced function.

Question 34

Physiological hyperplasia may be ____ or _____

Answer 34

hormonal or compensatory

Question 35

Pathological Hyperplasia may predispose to ____

Answer 35

neoplasia (uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control)

Question 36

Metaplasia: a ____ change in which one adult cell type is replaces by ____ in order to function under stress or pathologic stimulus

Answer 36

reversible; another adult cell type

Question 37

metaplasia is usually caused by ______.

Answer 37

chronic irritation and inflammation

Question 38

Dysplasia: ____ cell growth within a tissue of varied shape, size, appearance, association with genetic mutation

Answer 38

deranged (loses the morphological characteristics of mature, differentiated cells)

Question 39

Metaplastic cells may become _____ with continued exposure to offending agent

Answer 39

dysplastic

Question 40

Dysplasia is related to _____, ____, _____. and is considered pre---

Answer 40

chronic irritation , inflammation , and other pathologic stimuli; - considered premalignant