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CLIN MED > cellular pathology > Flashcards

cellular pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathology

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

what happens to cells with pathology

A

it is challenged to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

what happens if cells are unable to adapt

A

cell death

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4
Q

what keeps the cell in balance

A

the cell membrane

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5
Q

what are some cellular adaptations

A

hyperplasia
hypertrophy
atrophy
metaplasia

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6
Q

external stimuli

A

trauma, temperatur, bacteria

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7
Q

internal stimuli

A

oxygen, pH, blood glucose

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8
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells
only cells that can divide will undergo hyperplasia* myocytes in heart and neurons in brain do not

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9
Q

example of physiologic hyperplasia

A

due to a normal stressor or initiator; menstrual cycle

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10
Q

example of pathologic hyperplasia

A

endometriosis - female uterus becomes unusually thick

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11
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cell

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12
Q

physiologic example of hypertrophy

A

skeletal muscle lifting weights

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13
Q

pathological hypertrophy example

A

left ventricle hypertrophy due to high BP

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14
Q

what is cell atrophy

A

Decrease in the size of a cell that has at one time been of normal size

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15
Q

physiological example of atrophy

A

decrease uterus size after pregn

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16
Q

pathological atrophy example

A

; loss of stimulus to an organ or muscle; peripheral nerve damage

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17
Q

what is metaplasia

A

conversion of one cell type to another (precursor to cancer)
. the epithelium is normal in appearance but in an abnormal location

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18
Q

what is cell injury

A

Cell injury occurs when the cells cannot adapt to their new environment

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19
Q

what is hypoxia

A

decreased oxygen

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20
Q

what is ischemia

A

decreased blood flow

21
Q

what are the 2 types of cellular injury

A

reversible and irreversible

22
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death in response to damage to DNA or normal growth and development
no inflammatory response

22
Q

what is necrosis

A

uncontrolled cell death  Inflammatory reaction in necrosis only

23
Q

what is avascular necrosis

A

Avascular necrosis: death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply. Also called osteonecrosis, it can lead to tiny breaks in the bone and the bone’s eventual collapse  caused by joint or bone trauma, fatty deposits in blood vessels, sickle cell anemia

23
Q

what is cellular accumulation

A

accumulation of substances in the cells as a result of damage to the cell (external factor) or genetic abnormality (internal factor)

23
Q

shoulder calcification PT implications

A

shoulder impingement

23
Q

cellular accumulations of calcium

A

Patients who have hypercalcemia have deposition of the calcium within normal or abnormal tissue

24
Q

cellular accumulations of protein

A

neurofibrillary tangles seen in alziemer disease

25
Q

cellular accumulations of iron

A

two types of iron accumulation: hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis

26
Q

what is hemosiderosis

A

Hemosiderosis: accumulation of iron in organs
Liver, pancreas

27
Q

what is hemochromatosis

A

accumulation of Iron in parenchymal cells
CHF, Diabetes, Cirrhosis

28
Q

cellular accumulation of fat

A

organs most commonly affected are the liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle

28
Q

cellular accumulation of cholestrol

A

blood vessels

29
Q

cellular accumulation of glycogen

A

Liver and skeletal muscles, typically due to genetic disorder

30
Q

cellular accumulation of figments

A

exogenous and endogenous

31
Q

what is cellular aging

A

The process of becoming older, a process that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated

32
Q

Telomeres –> protect the end of chromosomes with each cell division they shorten –> /

A

eventually DNA is interpreted as nonfunctional

33
Q

PT implications for muscular atrophy

A

Therapeutic Exercises
Strength Training
Aquatic Therapy
Standing Programs
Respiratory Management
Feeding
Skeletal and Scoliosis Management
Assistive Devices

34
Q

PT implications for avascular necrosis

A

decrease load with assistive device
maintain joint mobility
strengthen muscles
E-stim and US for stimulating bone growth

35
Q

physiological example of metaplasia

A

cervical ectopy; cellular replacement in presence of estrogen

36
Q

pathological adaptation of metaplasia

A

conversion of columnar epithelial cells to squamous epithelial cells in airways of individuals who smoke

37
Q

examples of cell injury

A

hypoxia:decreased O2
ischemia: decreased blood flow
Physical and Chemical agents
Trauma
Infection

38
Q

whats vulnerable to cell injury

A

DNA
Cell Membranes
Protein Generation
ATP Production

39
Q

initiation of apoptosis

A

caspases is a catalyst and causes cell death

40
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

transformation of tissue into a liquid viscous mass  most often in high fat and low protein organs (brain) or high enzymatic content (pancreas)  bacteria, virus, paras

41
Q

fat necrosis

A

: inflammatory process which results in death of fat cells  most common in breast tissue  trauma

42
Q

hemosiderosis

A

: accumulation of iron in organs
Liver, pancreas

43
Q

hemochromatosis

A

accumulation of Iron in parenchymal cells
CHF, Diabetes, Cirrhosis

44
Q
A

CLIN MED (9 decks)

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