cellular pathology

Question 1

what is pathology

Answer 1

the study of disease

Question 2

what happens to cells with pathology

Answer 2

it is challenged to maintain homeostasis

Question 3

what happens if cells are unable to adapt

Answer 3

cell death

Question 4

what keeps the cell in balance

Answer 4

the cell membrane

Question 5

what are some cellular adaptations

Answer 5

hyperplasia
hypertrophy
atrophy
metaplasia

Question 6

external stimuli

Answer 6

trauma, temperatur, bacteria

Question 7

internal stimuli

Answer 7

oxygen, pH, blood glucose

Question 8

what is hyperplasia

Answer 8

increase in the number of cells
only cells that can divide will undergo hyperplasia* myocytes in heart and neurons in brain do not

Question 9

example of physiologic hyperplasia

Answer 9

due to a normal stressor or initiator; menstrual cycle

Question 10

example of pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 10

endometriosis - female uterus becomes unusually thick

Question 11

what is hypertrophy

Answer 11

increase in size of cell

Question 12

physiologic example of hypertrophy

Answer 12

skeletal muscle lifting weights

Question 13

pathological hypertrophy example

Answer 13

left ventricle hypertrophy due to high BP

Question 14

what is cell atrophy

Answer 14

Decrease in the size of a cell that has at one time been of normal size

Question 15

physiological example of atrophy

Answer 15

decrease uterus size after pregn

Question 16

pathological atrophy example

Answer 16

; loss of stimulus to an organ or muscle; peripheral nerve damage

Question 17

what is metaplasia

Answer 17

conversion of one cell type to another (precursor to cancer)
. the epithelium is normal in appearance but in an abnormal location

Question 18

what is cell injury

Answer 18

Cell injury occurs when the cells cannot adapt to their new environment

Question 19

what is hypoxia

Answer 19

decreased oxygen

Question 20

what is ischemia

Answer 20

decreased blood flow

Question 21

what are the 2 types of cellular injury

Answer 21

reversible and irreversible

Question 22

what is apoptosis

Answer 22

programmed cell death in response to damage to DNA or normal growth and development
no inflammatory response

Question 22

what is necrosis

Answer 22

uncontrolled cell death  Inflammatory reaction in necrosis only

Question 23

what is avascular necrosis

Answer 23

Avascular necrosis: death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply. Also called osteonecrosis, it can lead to tiny breaks in the bone and the bone’s eventual collapse  caused by joint or bone trauma, fatty deposits in blood vessels, sickle cell anemia

Question 23

what is cellular accumulation

Answer 23

accumulation of substances in the cells as a result of damage to the cell (external factor) or genetic abnormality (internal factor)

Question 23

shoulder calcification PT implications

Answer 23

shoulder impingement

Question 23

cellular accumulations of calcium

Answer 23

Patients who have hypercalcemia have deposition of the calcium within normal or abnormal tissue

Question 24

cellular accumulations of protein

Answer 24

neurofibrillary tangles seen in alziemer disease

Question 25

cellular accumulations of iron

Answer 25

two types of iron accumulation: hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis

Question 26

what is hemosiderosis

Answer 26

Hemosiderosis: accumulation of iron in organs Liver, pancreas

Question 27

what is hemochromatosis

Answer 27

accumulation of Iron in parenchymal cells CHF, Diabetes, Cirrhosis

Question 28

cellular accumulation of fat

Answer 28

organs most commonly affected are the liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle

Question 28

cellular accumulation of cholestrol

Answer 28

blood vessels

Question 29

cellular accumulation of glycogen

Answer 29

Liver and skeletal muscles, typically due to genetic disorder

Question 30

cellular accumulation of figments

Answer 30

exogenous and endogenous

Question 31

what is cellular aging

Answer 31

The process of becoming older, a process that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated

Question 32

Telomeres --> protect the end of chromosomes with each cell division they shorten --> /

Answer 32

eventually DNA is interpreted as nonfunctional

Question 33

PT implications for muscular atrophy

Answer 33

Therapeutic Exercises Strength Training Aquatic Therapy Standing Programs Respiratory Management Feeding Skeletal and Scoliosis Management Assistive Devices

Question 34

PT implications for avascular necrosis

Answer 34

decrease load with assistive device maintain joint mobility strengthen muscles E-stim and US for stimulating bone growth

Question 35

physiological example of metaplasia

Answer 35

cervical ectopy; cellular replacement in presence of estrogen

Question 36

pathological adaptation of metaplasia

Answer 36

conversion of columnar epithelial cells to squamous epithelial cells in airways of individuals who smoke

Question 37

examples of cell injury

Answer 37

hypoxia:decreased O2 ischemia: decreased blood flow Physical and Chemical agents Trauma Infection

Question 38

whats vulnerable to cell injury

Answer 38

DNA Cell Membranes Protein Generation ATP Production

Question 39

initiation of apoptosis

Answer 39

caspases is a catalyst and causes cell death

Question 40

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 40

transformation of tissue into a liquid viscous mass  most often in high fat and low protein organs (brain) or high enzymatic content (pancreas)  bacteria, virus, paras

Question 41

fat necrosis

Answer 41

: inflammatory process which results in death of fat cells  most common in breast tissue  trauma

Question 42

hemosiderosis

Answer 42

: accumulation of iron in organs Liver, pancreas

Question 43

hemochromatosis

Answer 43

accumulation of Iron in parenchymal cells CHF, Diabetes, Cirrhosis