Pain Pathology 2

Question 1

Allodynia

Answer 1

Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain
example: a feather should not be painful

Question 2

Hyperalgesia

Answer 2

increased pain from a stimulus that is normally painful
example: pt w chronic pain can be heightened perception or stimulus

Question 3

Hyperesthesia

Answer 3

Increased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses. Hyperesthesia includes both allodynia and hyperalgesia

Question 4

Hyperpathia

Answer 4

painful syndrome characterized by an abnormally painful reaction to a stimulus, especially a repetitive stimulus, as well as an increased threshold (augmented response to any sensory stimuli)

Question 5

Causalgia

Answer 5

A syndrome of sustained burning pain, allodynia, and hyperpathia after a traumatic nerve lesion, often combined with vasomotor and sudomotor dysfunction (such as diabetic autonomic neuropathy) and later trophic changes

Question 6

Analgesia

Answer 6

Absence of pain in response to stimulation that is painful

Question 7

Dysesthesia

Answer 7

unpleasant abnormal sensation, whether spontaneous or evoked

Question 8

Paresthesia

Answer 8

abnormal sensation, whether spontaneous or evoked

Question 9

how many people pain affects

Answer 9

affects 116 million in US –> up to 20% of all primary care visits-chronic pain
26% of adults have had pain for >3 months and 1/3 report it as disabling

Question 10

economic burden

Answer 10

up to 635 billion/yr

Question 11

types of classification of pain physiology

Answer 11

nociceptive, neurophathic (nervous system/burning), inflammatory

Question 12

pain classifications to note in subjective data

Answer 12

intensity
time course
type of tissue involved
syndromes
special considerations (age gender culture)

Question 13

nociceptive pain

Answer 13

response to an immediate noxious stimulus; tossue damage with resultant inflammatory pain

Question 14

neurogenic pain

Answer 14

result of lesions in some parts of the nervous system
broad description of pain to NS

Question 15

central neurogenic pain

Answer 15

injury affecting CNS  burning, aching, prickling, hyperalgesia, allodynia
spinal cord - brain

Question 16

peripheral neurogenic pain

Answer 16

injury affecting PNS  paresthesia, dysesthesia, pain
spine - nerve endings

Question 17

fibromyalgia

Answer 17

widespread pain accompanied by tenderness of muscles and adjacent soft tissue

Question 18

myofascial pain syndrome

Answer 18

persistent, deep aching pain in muscle; characterized by well defined highly sensitive tender spots ‘trigger points’

Question 19

Postural stress syndrome

Answer 19

postural malalignment produces chronic muscle lengthening and/or shortening & stress on tissues

Question 20

movement adaptation syndrome

Answer 20

habituated movement dysfunction leading to muscle strain and pain

Question 21

Psychosomatic pain:

Answer 21

origin is related to mental or emotional factors

Question 22

Referred pain

Answer 22

pain arising from deep visceral tissues that is felt in a body region remote from the site of origin

Question 23

most abundent type of nerve endings

Answer 23

free nerve endings

Question 24

merkels disc

Answer 24

tactile end organ
abundant in fingertips and whiskers

Question 25

meissners corpuscle

Answer 25

: a cutaneous nerve ending responsible for transmitting the sensations of fine, discriminative touch and vibration

Question 26

pacinian corpuscle

Answer 26

encapsulated ending of a sensory nerve that acts as a receptor for pressure and vibration

Question 27

ruffini corpuscle

Answer 27

found in the superficial dermis of both hairy and glaborous skin, sense low-frequency vibration or pressure

Question 28

what are C fibers

Answer 28

used w slow pain transmitted over small diameter, non-myelinated

Question 29

what are A delta fibers

Answer 29

used w fast, localized pain, transmitted over thinly myelinated A delta fibers

Question 30

what is transduction

Answer 30

the process. by which a painful physical or chemical stimulus is transformed into a signal that can be carried via transmission to the CNS and perceived as pain

Question 31

what is a transmission

Answer 31

a signal moving along to reach brain

Question 32

where does the pain signal travel

Answer 32

on C fibers

Question 33

where is referred pain of the heart

Answer 33

left arm/scapula region

Question 34

where is referred pain of the stomach

Answer 34

mid back spine and front stomach above belly button

Question 35

where is referred pain of the kidney

Answer 35

lower stomach sides of legs
lower back

Question 36

sensory aspects of pain

Answer 36

activates anterior cingulate coretex of brain and entails detection, localization, intensity, stimulus identification

Question 37

affective aspects of pain

Answer 37

nagging, uncomfortable, excruiating, role of mood change