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N116 > cellular regulation and fundamentals > Flashcards

cellular regulation and fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

cellular regulation

A

functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size and function

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3
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size and functional capacity

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4
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells, increase in organ size

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5
Q

dysplasia

A

deranged cell growth, change in size, shape and uniformity

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6
Q

metaplasia

A

replacement of one cell type with another

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7
Q

TIPS

A

toxins, infections, physical injury, serum deficit injury

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8
Q

Toxins

A

external/internal

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9
Q

physical injury

A

mechanical, chemical, thermal,

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10
Q

serum deficit injury

A

nutrition, oxygenation, hydration

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11
Q

hypoxic injury

A

most common cause of cellular injury

  • reduced oxygen in air
  • loss/decreased efficacy of hemoglobin
  • decreased production of RBC
  • disease of respiratory/cardiovascular
  • poisoning of oxidative enzymes
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12
Q

ischemia

A

most common cause of hypoxia

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13
Q

ischemia-reperfusion injury

A

additional injury caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen

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14
Q

Mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury

A
  • oxidative stress
  • increased intracellular calcium
  • inflamation
  • complement activation
  • anoxia
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15
Q

cellular responses to ischemia-reperfusion injury

A
  • decrease in ATP, sodium-potassium pump and sodium calcium pump exchange failure
  • cell swelling
  • vacuolation
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16
Q

free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A 
electrically uncharged atom has an unpaired electron
damages:
-lipid peroxidation
-alteration of proteins 
-alteration of DNA
-mitochondria
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17
Q

lipid peroxidation

A

membrane damage

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18
Q

alteration of proteins

A

breakdown/misfolding

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19
Q

alteration of DNA

A

mutations

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20
Q

chemical injury - xenobiotics

examples

A
  • carbon tetrachloride
  • lead
  • carbon monoxide
  • ethanol
  • mercury
  • social/street drugs
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21
Q

chemical injury - medications

A 
over the counter and prescribed 
direct damage:
chemical and medications injure cells -> combine with critical molecular substances 
-chemotehrapy
-drug abuse
22
Q

chemical injury - hypersensitivity reactions

A

range

mild skin rash to immune-mediated organ failure

23
Q

blunt force injury

A

mechanical force to the body
- tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissue
contusions, lacerations and fractures

24
Q

sharp force injury

A

well defined traumatic separation of tissues

  • incised
  • stab
  • puncture
  • chopping
25
Q

gunshot wound

A

penetrating or perforating

  • entrance
  • exit
  • range of fire
26
Q

asphyxial injuries

A

failure of cells to receive/use oxygen

27
Q

types of asphyxial injuries

A

suffocation
strangulation
chemical
drowning

28
Q

suffocation

A

choking asphyxiation

29
Q

strangulation

A

hanging, ligature, manual

30
Q

chemical

A

cyanide and hydrogen sulfide

31
Q

infectious injury

A 
caused by pathogen 
disease producing potential 
-invasion and destruction
-toxin production 
-production of hypersensitivity reaction
32
Q

immune and inflammatory substances

A

histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement and proteases

33
Q

manifestations of cellular injury

A 
cellular accumulations
pigments 
calcium
urate
systemic manifestations
34
Q

Manifestations of Cellular Injury

cellular accumulations

A

water
lipids and carbohydrates
glycogen
proteins

35
Q

Manifestations of Cellular Injury

pigments

A

melanin
hemoproteins
bilirubin

36
Q

Manifestations of Cellular Injury

calcium

A

dystrophic:
dying and dead tissues
metastatic:
undamaged normal tissues

37
Q

cellular death

A

significant external stimuli
irreversible and cells die

necrosis and apoptosis

38
Q 
Necrosis 
cell size
nucleus 
plasma membrane 
cell contents 
adjacent inflammation
physiological/pathological role
A 
enlarged/swelling
pyknosis->karyorrhexis->karyolysis
disrupted 
enzymatic digestion (leak out of cell)
frequent 
invariably pathological
39
Q 
Apoptosis 
cell size
nucleus 
plasma membrane 
cell contents 
adjacent inflammation
physiological/pathological role
A 
reduced (shrink)
fragmentation into nucleosome-size 
intact; structure altered 
intact; released in bodies
no
physiological - get rid of unwanted cells
40
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

kidneys, heart and adrenal glands

protein denaturation

41
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

neurons and glial cells of brain
hydrolytic enzymes
bacterial infection

42
Q

caseous necrosis

A

tuberculosis pulmonary infection

combo of coagulative and liquefactive

43
Q

fat necrosis

A

breast, pancreas, other abdominal organs

action of lipases

44
Q

gangernous necrosis

A

death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury
dry vs wet
gas gangrene - clostridium

45
Q

autophagy

A 
self destruct (survival mechanism)
cell contents digested by lysosome
46
Q

cellular aging

A

atrophy, decreased function, loss of cells

47
Q

tissue and systemic aging

A

progressive stiffness and rigidity

sarcopenia

48
Q

frailty (aging)

A

mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fracture, bone density

49
Q

somatic death

A

death of the entire person

50
Q

algor mortis

A

reduction of body temp

51
Q

livor mortis

A

purple discoloration

52
Q

rigor mortis

A

muscle stiffening

N116 (11 decks)

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