cellular regulation and fundamentals

Question 1

cellular regulation

Answer 1

functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis

Question 2

atrophy

Answer 2

decrease in size and function

Question 3

hypertrophy

Answer 3

increase in size and functional capacity

Question 4

hyperplasia

Answer 4

increase in number of cells, increase in organ size

Question 5

dysplasia

Answer 5

deranged cell growth, change in size, shape and uniformity

Question 6

metaplasia

Answer 6

replacement of one cell type with another

Question 7

TIPS

Answer 7

toxins, infections, physical injury, serum deficit injury

Question 8

Toxins

Answer 8

external/internal

Question 9

physical injury

Answer 9

mechanical, chemical, thermal,

Question 10

serum deficit injury

Answer 10

nutrition, oxygenation, hydration

Question 11

hypoxic injury

Answer 11

most common cause of cellular injury

• reduced oxygen in air
• loss/decreased efficacy of hemoglobin
• decreased production of RBC
• disease of respiratory/cardiovascular
• poisoning of oxidative enzymes

Question 12

ischemia

Answer 12

most common cause of hypoxia

Question 13

ischemia-reperfusion injury

Answer 13

additional injury caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen

Question 14

Mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury

Answer 14

• oxidative stress
• increased intracellular calcium
• inflamation
• complement activation
• anoxia

Question 15

cellular responses to ischemia-reperfusion injury

Answer 15

• decrease in ATP, sodium-potassium pump and sodium calcium pump exchange failure
• cell swelling
• vacuolation

Question 16

free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Answer 16

electrically uncharged atom has an unpaired electron
damages:
-lipid peroxidation
-alteration of proteins 
-alteration of DNA
-mitochondria

Question 17

lipid peroxidation

Answer 17

membrane damage

Question 18

alteration of proteins

Answer 18

breakdown/misfolding

Question 19

alteration of DNA

Answer 19

mutations

Question 20

chemical injury - xenobiotics

examples

Answer 20

• carbon tetrachloride
• lead
• carbon monoxide
• ethanol
• mercury
• social/street drugs

Question 21

chemical injury - medications

Answer 21

over the counter and prescribed 
direct damage:
chemical and medications injure cells -> combine with critical molecular substances 
-chemotehrapy
-drug abuse

Question 22

chemical injury - hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 22

range

mild skin rash to immune-mediated organ failure

Question 23

blunt force injury

Answer 23

mechanical force to the body
- tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissue
contusions, lacerations and fractures

Question 24

sharp force injury

Answer 24

well defined traumatic separation of tissues

• incised
• stab
• puncture
• chopping

Question 25

gunshot wound

Answer 25

penetrating or perforating - entrance - exit - range of fire

Question 26

asphyxial injuries

Answer 26

failure of cells to receive/use oxygen

Question 27

types of asphyxial injuries

Answer 27

suffocation strangulation chemical drowning

Question 28

suffocation

Answer 28

choking asphyxiation

Question 29

strangulation

Answer 29

hanging, ligature, manual

Question 30

chemical

Answer 30

cyanide and hydrogen sulfide

Question 31

infectious injury

Answer 31

``` caused by pathogen disease producing potential -invasion and destruction -toxin production -production of hypersensitivity reaction ```

Question 32

immune and inflammatory substances

Answer 32

histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement and proteases

Question 33

manifestations of cellular injury

Answer 33

``` cellular accumulations pigments calcium urate systemic manifestations ```

Question 34

Manifestations of Cellular Injury | cellular accumulations

Answer 34

water lipids and carbohydrates glycogen proteins

Question 35

Manifestations of Cellular Injury | pigments

Answer 35

melanin hemoproteins bilirubin

Question 36

Manifestations of Cellular Injury | calcium

Answer 36

dystrophic: dying and dead tissues metastatic: undamaged normal tissues

Question 37

cellular death

Answer 37

significant external stimuli irreversible and cells die necrosis and apoptosis

Question 38

``` Necrosis cell size nucleus plasma membrane cell contents adjacent inflammation physiological/pathological role ```

Answer 38

``` enlarged/swelling pyknosis->karyorrhexis->karyolysis disrupted enzymatic digestion (leak out of cell) frequent invariably pathological ```

Question 39

``` Apoptosis cell size nucleus plasma membrane cell contents adjacent inflammation physiological/pathological role ```

Answer 39

``` reduced (shrink) fragmentation into nucleosome-size intact; structure altered intact; released in bodies no physiological - get rid of unwanted cells ```

Question 40

coagulative necrosis

Answer 40

kidneys, heart and adrenal glands | protein denaturation

Question 41

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 41

neurons and glial cells of brain hydrolytic enzymes bacterial infection

Question 42

caseous necrosis

Answer 42

tuberculosis pulmonary infection | combo of coagulative and liquefactive

Question 43

fat necrosis

Answer 43

breast, pancreas, other abdominal organs | action of lipases

Question 44

gangernous necrosis

Answer 44

death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury dry vs wet gas gangrene - clostridium

Question 45

autophagy

Answer 45

``` self destruct (survival mechanism) cell contents digested by lysosome ```

Question 46

cellular aging

Answer 46

atrophy, decreased function, loss of cells

Question 47

tissue and systemic aging

Answer 47

progressive stiffness and rigidity | sarcopenia

Question 48

frailty (aging)

Answer 48

mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fracture, bone density

Question 49

somatic death

Answer 49

death of the entire person

Question 50

algor mortis

Answer 50

reduction of body temp

Question 51

livor mortis

Answer 51

purple discoloration

Question 52

rigor mortis

Answer 52

muscle stiffening