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Gas Exchange part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

disorder of the airway (upper) (6)

A 
croup 
acute epiglottitis 
tonsillar infections 
bacterial tracheitis 
aspiration 
obstructive sleep apnea
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2
Q

disorder of the airway (upper) (6)

A 
croup 
acute epiglottitis 
tonsillar infections 
bacterial tracheitis 
aspiration 
obstructive sleep apnea
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3
Q

disorders of the airway (lower)

A 
respiratory distress syndrome 
pulmonary hypertension 
bronchopulmonary dysplasia 
respiratory infections 
   - bronchiolitis
   - pneumonia 
bronchiolitis obliterans 
asthma
ARDS
cystic fibrosis
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4
Q

croup

A

caused by subglottic inflammation and edema
acute laryngotracheobronchitis
kids 6 months - 5 years
commonly caused by parainfluenza virus

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5
Q

spasmodic croup

A

older children
sudden night onset with no prior illness
triggered by cold, allergies, or viral infection

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6
Q

croup occurs after

A

episode of rhinorrhea, sore throat, low grade fever, inspiratory stridor and hoarse voice

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7
Q

croup causes

A

seal-like barking cough

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8
Q

acute epiglottitis

A

sever infection of epiglottis and surrounding area
caused by haemophilus influenzae type B
Hib vaccine

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9
Q

manifestations of acute epiglottitis

A 
high fever
irritability 
sore throat 
inspiratory stridor
muffled voice
severe respiratory distress
treatment: no throat exam, emergency airway and antibiotics
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10
Q

tonsillar infections

A

complication of infectious mononucleosis

can lead to upper airway obstruction

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11
Q

bacterial tracheitis

A

caused by S. aureus, H. influenzae or group A beta-hemolytic strep
treated with antibiotics and endotracheal intubation

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12
Q

bronchiolitis

A 
associated pathogen: respiratory syncytial virus 
manifestations: 
rhinorrhea 
tight cough 
decreased appetite, lethargy, fever
wheezing, tachypnea
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13
Q

obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

A 
partial or intermittent complete upper airway obstruction during sleep 
most common cause in children is adenotonsillar hypertrophy 
manifestations:
snoring 
laboured breathing 
daytime sleepiness 
chronic mouth breathing 
treatment:
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or CPAP
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14
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

poor lung structure and lack of adequate surfactant
primary disease of preterm infants
caused by surfactant deficiency
causes widespread atelectasis resulting in hypoxemia

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15
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A 
causes continued shunting of blood away from the lungs 
symptoms:
tachypnea 
expiratory grunting 
nasal flaring and retractions 
cyanosis
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16
Q

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

poor formation of the alveolar structure with fewer and larger alveoli and decreased area for gas exchange
associated with premies, prolonged perinatal supplemental oxygen and positive pressure ventilation

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17
Q

bronchopulmonary dysplasia manifestations

A 
hypoxemia 
hypercapnia 
elevated work of breathing 
brochospasm 
mucous plugging 
pulmonary hypertension
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18
Q

diaphragmatic breathing

A

focuses on using the diaphragm instead of accessory muscles to achieve maximum inhalation and to slow the respiratory rate

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19
Q

nutritional therapy

A

BMI between 21 - 25 kg/m2
use bronchodilator before meals
5-6 small meals a day

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20
Q

croup occurs after

A

episode of rhinorrhea, sore throat, low grade fever, inspiratory stridor and hoarse voice

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21
Q

types of pharmacotherapies

A 
oxygen
bronchodilators 
long-acting anticholinergic 
inhaled corticosteroid therapy 
antitussives 
expectorants
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22
Q

acute epiglottitis

A

sever infection of epiglottis and surrounding area
caused by haemophilus influenzae type B
Hib vaccine

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23
Q

manifestations of acute epiglottitis

A 
high fever
irritability 
sore throat 
inspiratory stridor
muffled voice
severe respiratory distress
treatment: no throat exam, emergency airway and antibiotics
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24
Q

tonsillar infections

A

complication of infectious mononucleosis

can lead to upper airway obstruction

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25
bacterial tracheitis
caused by S. aureus, H. influenzae or group A beta-hemolytic strep treated with antibiotics and endotracheal intubation
26
aspiration
``` foreign body in the lungs manifestations: coughing choking gagging wheezing can be removed with brochoscopy ```
27
obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
``` partial or intermittent complete upper airway obstruction during sleep most common cause in children is adenotonsillar hypertrophy manifestations: snoring laboured breathing daytime sleepiness chronic mouth breathing treatment: tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or CPAP ```
28
respiratory distress syndrome
poor lung structure and lack of adequate surfactant primary disease of preterm infants caused by surfactant deficiency causes widespread atelectasis resulting in hypoxemia
29
pulmonary hypertension
``` causes continued shunting of blood away from the lungs symptoms: tachypnea expiratory grunting nasal flaring and retractions cyanosis ```
30
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
poor formation of the alveolar structure with fewer and larger alveoli and decreased area for gas exchange associated with premies, prolonged perinatal supplemental oxygen and positive pressure ventilation
31
bronchopulmonary dysplasia manifestations
``` hypoxemia hypercapnia elevated work of breathing brochospasm mucous plugging pulmonary hypertension ```
32
anticholinergics | adverse effects
dry mouth/throat, nasal congestion, heart palpations, GI distress, urinary retention, increased intraocular pressure, headache, cough, anxiety
33
bacterial pneumonia
streptococci and staphylococci | pneumococcal pneumonia most common cause of bacterial pneumonia
34
viral pneumonia
most common one in children is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) also parainfluenza, influenza and adenovirus
35
aspiration pneumonitis
caused by foreign substance in the lungs resulting in inflammation of lung tissue
36
bronchiolitis obliterans
fibrotic obstruction of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts secondary to intense inflammation usually sequelae to severe viral pulmonary infection
37
cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive inherited disease affects lungs, digestive tract, and reproductive organs mucous plugging, chronic inflammation, and chronic infection of small air ways
38
pursed lip breathing
prolongs exhalation and prevents brochiolar collapse and air trapping
39
effective coughing
conserve energy reduce fatigue facilitate removal secretions
40
nutritional therapy
BMI between 21 - 25 kg/m2 use bronchiodilator before meals 5-6 small meals a day
41
pharmacotherapy
dilate airways, decrease edema, increase cough effectiveness, and mircrorganisms
42
aerosol
nebulizer dry powder inhaler metered dose inhaler delivers drug to the immediate site of action
43
bronchodilators
``` relax bronchial smooth muscle causing bronchodilation three classes: beta-adrenergic agonists anticholinergics xanthine derivatives ```
44
beta-adrenergic agonists
used in acute phase of asthma attack or acute exacerbation of COPD reduces airway constriction, allows airflow to return to normal
45
beta-adrenergic agonists | action
dilate airways by stimulating the beta-2 adrenergic receptors located in the lungs
46
beta-adrenergic agonists | indications
prevention or relief of bronchospasm related to COPD and asthma. treat hypotension and shock
47
beta-adrenergic agonists | contraindications
known drug allergy, uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia, stroke
48
beta-adrenergic agonists | adverse effects
insomnia, restlessness, anorexia, heart stimulation, hyperglycemia, tremor, vascular headache, tachycardia, angina pain, hyper/hypotension
49
sulbutamol sulphate (Ventolin)
short acting bronchodilating b-agonist
50
bronchodilators: anticholinergics
used for treatment of COPD and asthma | allows for bronchodilation by preventing acetylcholine from binding to its receptors
51
anticholinergics | contraindications
known drug allergy, prostate enlargement or acute angle-closure glaucoma
52
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
53
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
54
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
55
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
56
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
57
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
58
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
59
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
60
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
61
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
62
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
63
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
64
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
65
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
66
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
67
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
68
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
69
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
70
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
71
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
72
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
73
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
74
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
75
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
76
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
77
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
78
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
79
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
80
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
81
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
82
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
83
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
84
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
85
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
86
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
87
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
88
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
89
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
90
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
91
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
92
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
93
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
94
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
95
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
96
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
97
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
98
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
99
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
100
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
101
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
102
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
103
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
104
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
105
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
106
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
107
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
108
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
109
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
110
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
111
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
112
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
113
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
114
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
115
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
116
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
117
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
118
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
119
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
120
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
121
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
122
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
123
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
124
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
125
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
126
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
127
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
128
corticosteroids | adverse effects
``` pharyngeal irritation coughing dry mouth oral fungal infections adrenocortical insufficiency increased susceptibility to infection fluid and electrolyte disturbances endocrine effects dermatological and connective tissue effects ```
129
fluticasone propionate (Flovent)
oral or intranasal administration usually administered BID lowest dose to maintain control should be used
130
antitussives
opioid and nonopioid suppress cough reflex enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress
131
antitussives | action
suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa
132
antitussives | indication
inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful
133
antitussives | contraindications
known drug allergy | opioid dependence
134
antitussives | adverse effects
``` sedation nausea vomiting lightheadedness constipation dizziness drowsiness dry mouth ```
135
expectorants
aid in expectoration or excessive mucous breaks down and thins secretions single or combination therapy
136
expectorants | action
reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out
137
expectorants | indications
relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles
138
expectorants | contraindications
known drug allergy
139
expectorants | adverse effects
nausea vomiting gastric irritation
140
body acids two forms
volatile | nonvolatile
141
volatile
carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water
142
nonvolatile
sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids | eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)
143
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
144
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
145
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
146
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
147
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
148
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
149
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
150
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
151
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
152
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
153
corticosteroids | adverse effects
``` pharyngeal irritation coughing dry mouth oral fungal infections adrenocortical insufficiency increased susceptibility to infection fluid and electrolyte disturbances endocrine effects dermatological and connective tissue effects ```
154
fluticasone propionate (Flovent)
oral or intranasal administration usually administered BID lowest dose to maintain control should be used
155
antitussives
opioid and nonopioid suppress cough reflex enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress
156
antitussives | action
suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa
157
antitussives | indication
inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful
158
antitussives | contraindications
known drug allergy | opioid dependence
159
antitussives | adverse effects
``` sedation nausea vomiting lightheadedness constipation dizziness drowsiness dry mouth ```
160
expectorants
aid in expectoration or excessive mucous breaks down and thins secretions single or combination therapy
161
expectorants | action
reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out
162
expectorants | indications
relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles
163
expectorants | contraindications
known drug allergy
164
expectorants | adverse effects
nausea vomiting gastric irritation
165
body acids two forms
volatile | nonvolatile
166
volatile
carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water
167
nonvolatile
sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids | eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)
168
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
169
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
170
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
171
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
172
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
173
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
174
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
175
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
176
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
177
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
178
corticosteroids | adverse effects
``` pharyngeal irritation coughing dry mouth oral fungal infections adrenocortical insufficiency increased susceptibility to infection fluid and electrolyte disturbances endocrine effects dermatological and connective tissue effects ```
179
fluticasone propionate (Flovent)
oral or intranasal administration usually administered BID lowest dose to maintain control should be used
180
antitussives
opioid and nonopioid suppress cough reflex enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress
181
antitussives | action
suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa
182
antitussives | indication
inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful
183
antitussives | contraindications
known drug allergy | opioid dependence
184
antitussives | adverse effects
``` sedation nausea vomiting lightheadedness constipation dizziness drowsiness dry mouth ```
185
expectorants
aid in expectoration or excessive mucous breaks down and thins secretions single or combination therapy
186
expectorants | action
reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out
187
expectorants | indications
relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles
188
expectorants | contraindications
known drug allergy
189
expectorants | adverse effects
nausea vomiting gastric irritation
190
body acids two forms
volatile | nonvolatile
191
volatile
carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water
192
nonvolatile
sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids | eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)
193
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
194
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
195
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
196
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
197
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
198
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
199
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
200
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
201
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
202
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
203
corticosteroids | adverse effects
``` pharyngeal irritation coughing dry mouth oral fungal infections adrenocortical insufficiency increased susceptibility to infection fluid and electrolyte disturbances endocrine effects dermatological and connective tissue effects ```
204
fluticasone propionate (Flovent)
oral or intranasal administration usually administered BID lowest dose to maintain control should be used
205
antitussives
opioid and nonopioid suppress cough reflex enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress
206
antitussives | action
suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa
207
antitussives | indication
inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful
208
antitussives | contraindications
known drug allergy | opioid dependence
209
antitussives | adverse effects
``` sedation nausea vomiting lightheadedness constipation dizziness drowsiness dry mouth ```
210
expectorants
aid in expectoration or excessive mucous breaks down and thins secretions single or combination therapy
211
expectorants | action
reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out
212
expectorants | indications
relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles
213
expectorants | contraindications
known drug allergy
214
expectorants | adverse effects
nausea vomiting gastric irritation
215
body acids two forms
volatile | nonvolatile
216
volatile
carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water
217
nonvolatile
sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids | eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)
218
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
219
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
220
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
221
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
222
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
223
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
224
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
225
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
226
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
227
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
228
corticosteroids | adverse effects
``` pharyngeal irritation coughing dry mouth oral fungal infections adrenocortical insufficiency increased susceptibility to infection fluid and electrolyte disturbances endocrine effects dermatological and connective tissue effects ```
229
fluticasone propionate (Flovent)
oral or intranasal administration usually administered BID lowest dose to maintain control should be used
230
antitussives
opioid and nonopioid suppress cough reflex enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress
231
antitussives | action
suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa
232
antitussives | indication
inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful
233
antitussives | contraindications
known drug allergy | opioid dependence
234
antitussives | adverse effects
``` sedation nausea vomiting lightheadedness constipation dizziness drowsiness dry mouth ```
235
expectorants
aid in expectoration or excessive mucous breaks down and thins secretions single or combination therapy
236
expectorants | action
reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out
237
expectorants | indications
relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles
238
expectorants | contraindications
known drug allergy
239
expectorants | adverse effects
nausea vomiting gastric irritation
240
body acids two forms
volatile | nonvolatile
241
volatile
carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water
242
nonvolatile
sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids | eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)
243
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
244
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
245
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
246
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
247
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
248
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
249
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
250
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
251
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
252
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
253
corticosteroids | adverse effects
``` pharyngeal irritation coughing dry mouth oral fungal infections adrenocortical insufficiency increased susceptibility to infection fluid and electrolyte disturbances endocrine effects dermatological and connective tissue effects ```
254
fluticasone propionate (Flovent)
oral or intranasal administration usually administered BID lowest dose to maintain control should be used
255
antitussives
opioid and nonopioid suppress cough reflex enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress
256
antitussives | action
suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa
257
antitussives | indication
inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful
258
antitussives | contraindications
known drug allergy | opioid dependence
259
antitussives | adverse effects
``` sedation nausea vomiting lightheadedness constipation dizziness drowsiness dry mouth ```
260
expectorants
aid in expectoration or excessive mucous breaks down and thins secretions single or combination therapy
261
expectorants | action
reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out
262
expectorants | indications
relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles
263
expectorants | contraindications
known drug allergy
264
expectorants | adverse effects
nausea vomiting gastric irritation
265
body acids two forms
volatile | nonvolatile
266
volatile
carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water
267
nonvolatile
sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids | eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)
268
respiratory acidosis
elevation of PaCO2 as a result of ventilation depression | pH low and PCO2 high
269
respiratory alkalosis
depression of PaCO2 as a result alveolar hyperventilation | pH high and PCO2 low
270
metabolic acidosis
depression of HCO3 or and increase in noncarbonic acids | pH low and HCO3 low
271
metabolic alkalosis
elevation of HCO3 usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids pH high HCO3 high
272
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
273
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
274
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
275
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
276
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
277
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
278
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
279
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
280
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
281
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
282
corticosteroids | adverse effects
``` pharyngeal irritation coughing dry mouth oral fungal infections adrenocortical insufficiency increased susceptibility to infection fluid and electrolyte disturbances endocrine effects dermatological and connective tissue effects ```
283
fluticasone propionate (Flovent)
oral or intranasal administration usually administered BID lowest dose to maintain control should be used
284
antitussives
opioid and nonopioid suppress cough reflex enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress
285
antitussives | action
suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa
286
antitussives | indication
inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful
287
antitussives | contraindications
known drug allergy | opioid dependence
288
antitussives | adverse effects
``` sedation nausea vomiting lightheadedness constipation dizziness drowsiness dry mouth ```
289
expectorants
aid in expectoration or excessive mucous breaks down and thins secretions single or combination therapy
290
expectorants | action
reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out
291
expectorants | indications
relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles
292
expectorants | contraindications
known drug allergy
293
expectorants | adverse effects
nausea vomiting gastric irritation
294
body acids two forms
volatile | nonvolatile
295
volatile
carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water
296
nonvolatile
sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids | eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)
297
respiratory acidosis
elevation of PaCO2 as a result of ventilation depression | pH low and PCO2 high
298
respiratory alkalosis
depression of PaCO2 as a result alveolar hyperventilation | pH high and PCO2 low
299
metabolic acidosis
depression of HCO3 or and increase in noncarbonic acids | pH low and HCO3 low
300
metabolic alkalosis
elevation of HCO3 usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids pH high HCO3 high
301
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
302
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
303
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
304
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
305
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
306
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
307
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
308
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
309
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
310
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
311
corticosteroids | adverse effects
``` pharyngeal irritation coughing dry mouth oral fungal infections adrenocortical insufficiency increased susceptibility to infection fluid and electrolyte disturbances endocrine effects dermatological and connective tissue effects ```
312
fluticasone propionate (Flovent)
oral or intranasal administration usually administered BID lowest dose to maintain control should be used
313
antitussives
opioid and nonopioid suppress cough reflex enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress
314
antitussives | action
suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa
315
antitussives | indication
inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful
316
antitussives | contraindications
known drug allergy | opioid dependence
317
antitussives | adverse effects
``` sedation nausea vomiting lightheadedness constipation dizziness drowsiness dry mouth ```
318
expectorants
aid in expectoration or excessive mucous breaks down and thins secretions single or combination therapy
319
expectorants | action
reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out
320
expectorants | indications
relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles
321
expectorants | contraindications
known drug allergy
322
expectorants | adverse effects
nausea vomiting gastric irritation
323
body acids two forms
volatile | nonvolatile
324
volatile
carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water
325
nonvolatile
sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids | eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)
326
respiratory acidosis
elevation of PaCO2 as a result of ventilation depression | pH low and PCO2 high
327
respiratory alkalosis
depression of PaCO2 as a result alveolar hyperventilation | pH high and PCO2 low
328
metabolic acidosis
depression of HCO3 or and increase in noncarbonic acids | pH low and HCO3 low
329
metabolic alkalosis
elevation of HCO3 usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids pH high HCO3 high
330
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
331
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
332
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
333
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
334
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
335
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
336
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
337
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
338
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
339
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
340
corticosteroids | adverse effects
``` pharyngeal irritation coughing dry mouth oral fungal infections adrenocortical insufficiency increased susceptibility to infection fluid and electrolyte disturbances endocrine effects dermatological and connective tissue effects ```
341
fluticasone propionate (Flovent)
oral or intranasal administration usually administered BID lowest dose to maintain control should be used
342
antitussives
opioid and nonopioid suppress cough reflex enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress
343
antitussives | action
suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa
344
antitussives | indication
inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful
345
antitussives | contraindications
known drug allergy | opioid dependence
346
antitussives | adverse effects
``` sedation nausea vomiting lightheadedness constipation dizziness drowsiness dry mouth ```
347
expectorants
aid in expectoration or excessive mucous breaks down and thins secretions single or combination therapy
348
expectorants | action
reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out
349
expectorants | indications
relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles
350
expectorants | contraindications
known drug allergy
351
expectorants | adverse effects
nausea vomiting gastric irritation
352
body acids two forms
volatile | nonvolatile
353
volatile
carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water
354
nonvolatile
sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids | eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)
355
respiratory acidosis
elevation of PaCO2 as a result of ventilation depression | pH low and PCO2 high
356
respiratory alkalosis
depression of PaCO2 as a result alveolar hyperventilation | pH high and PCO2 low
357
metabolic acidosis
depression of HCO3 or and increase in noncarbonic acids | pH low and HCO3 low
358
metabolic alkalosis
elevation of HCO3 usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids pH high HCO3 high
359
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
available as liquid aerosol and inhaler | prescribed BID
360
Xanthine derivatives
common: theophylline and aminophylline contains caffeine beta adrenergics are safer
361
Xanthine derivatives | action
causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive
362
Xanthine derivatives | indications
used in asthma and COPD | used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia
363
Xanthine derivatives | contraindications
``` known drug allergy uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia seizure disorders hyperthyroidism peptic ulcers ```
364
Xanthine derivatives | adverse effects
``` nausea vomiting anorexia gastroesophageal reflux tachycardia extrasystole palpitations ventricular dysrhythmias ```
365
anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory properties | administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes
366
corticosteroids | action
reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists
367
corticosteroids | indication
bronchospastic disorders persistent asthma COPD
368
corticosteroids | contraindications
drug allergy hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids candida albicans systemic fungal infection
369
corticosteroids | adverse effects
``` pharyngeal irritation coughing dry mouth oral fungal infections adrenocortical insufficiency increased susceptibility to infection fluid and electrolyte disturbances endocrine effects dermatological and connective tissue effects ```
370
fluticasone propionate (Flovent)
oral or intranasal administration usually administered BID lowest dose to maintain control should be used
371
antitussives
opioid and nonopioid suppress cough reflex enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress
372
antitussives | action
suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa
373
antitussives | indication
inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful
374
antitussives | contraindications
known drug allergy | opioid dependence
375
antitussives | adverse effects
``` sedation nausea vomiting lightheadedness constipation dizziness drowsiness dry mouth ```
376
expectorants
aid in expectoration or excessive mucous breaks down and thins secretions single or combination therapy
377
expectorants | action
reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out
378
expectorants | indications
relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles
379
expectorants | contraindications
known drug allergy
380
expectorants | adverse effects
nausea vomiting gastric irritation
381
body acids two forms
volatile | nonvolatile
382
volatile
carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water
383
nonvolatile
sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids | eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)
384
respiratory acidosis
elevation of PaCO2 as a result of ventilation depression | pH low and PCO2 high
385
respiratory alkalosis
depression of PaCO2 as a result alveolar hyperventilation | pH high and PCO2 low
386
metabolic acidosis
depression of HCO3 or and increase in noncarbonic acids | pH low and HCO3 low
387
metabolic alkalosis
elevation of HCO3 usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids pH high HCO3 high

N116 (11 decks)

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