Gas Exchange Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
gas exchange
A
oxygen transported to cells and carbon dioxide transported from cells
2
Q
acid base balance
A
regulated to maintain normal PH
3
Q
ischemia
A
insufficient flow of oxygenated blood to tissues
4
Q
ischemia leads to
A
hypoxia and cell injury/death
5
Q
hypoxia
A
oxygen reaching cells is insufficient
6
Q
anoxia
A
total lack of oxygen in body tissues
7
Q
diffusion
A
transport process
molecules distribute themselves evenly throughout solution
8
Q
hypercapnia
A
increased carbon dioxide concentration in arterial blood
9
Q
hypoxemia
A
reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
10
Q
acute respiratory failure
A
inadequate gas exchange
11
Q
risk factors for impairment of gas exchange (7)
A
age smoking chronic medical conditions (COPD, CF, HF) immunosuppression reduced state of cognition brain injury prolonged immobility
12
Q
diagnostic tests (4)
A
lab tests
radiology studies
pulmonary function
endoscopy
13
Q
lab tests (4)
A
arterial blood gases (ABG)
complete blood count (CBC)
sputum
biopsy
14
Q
radiology studies (5)
A
chest x-ray CT MRI ventilation/perfusion scan positron emission tomography scan (PET)
15
Q
primary prevention (4)
A
infection control
smoking cessation
immunization
preventing post-op complications
16
Q
secondary prevention (2)
A
TB skin test
screening programs
17
Q
classification of pulmonary disorders (6)
A
acute chronic obstructive restrictive infectious noninfectious
18
Q
dyspnea
A
subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing
19
Q
orthopnea
A
dyspnea when lying down
20
Q
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
A
people who suffer form pulmonary/cardiac disease that wake up in the night gasping for air
21
Q
cough
A
acute - resolves in 2-3 weeks
chronic - persistent, present in those who smoke
22
Q
abnormal smoking
A
change in colour, consistency, and amount
23
Q
hemoptysis
A
coughing up blood
24
Q
abnormal breathing patterns
A
Kussmaul respiration (hyperpnea) Cheyne-Stokes respiration
25
hypoventilation
inadequate ventilation
| hypercapnia
26
hyperventilation
ventilation that exceeds metabolic needs
| hypocapnia
27
cyanosis
bluish discolouration of the skin
28
chest wall disorders (2)
chest wall restriction (compromised)
| flail chest - instability of a portion of the chest wall
29
pneumothorax
```
presence of air or gas in the pleural space
open
tension
spontaneous
secondary
```
30
clinical manifestations of pneumothorax
```
sudden pleural pain
tachypnea
dyspnea
absent or decreased breath sounds on affected side
tracheal deviation
```
31
pleural effusion
presence of fluid in the pleural space
32
pleural effusion
| transudative effusion
watery
33
pleural effusion
| exudative effusion
high WBC and proteins
34
pleural effusion
| hemothorax
blood
35
pleural effusion
| empyema
infected pleural effusion, pus
36
pleural effusion
| chylothorax
chyle
37
clinical manifestations of pleural effusion
dyspnea, compression atelectasis, pleural pain, decreased breath sounds
38
restrictive pulmonary disorders cause
decreased compliance of lung tissue
39
RPD
| aspiration
passage of fluids and solid particles into the lungs
| CM: choking, cough with or w/o vomiting, fever, dyspnea, wheezing
40
pleural abnormalities
pneumothorax
| pleural effusion
41
atelectasis
collapse of lung tissue
| CM: dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis
42
three types of atelectasis
compression
absorption
surfactant
43
bronchiectasis
persistent abnormal dilation of bronchi
44
bronchiolitis
inflammatory obstruction of the small airways
occurs with chronic bronchitis
CM: rapid ventilation rate, use of accessory muscles, low grade fever, dry non-productive cough, hyper inflated chest
45
pulmonary fibrosis
excessive amount of fibrous connective tissue in the lung
46
inhalation disorders
toxic gases
pneumoconiosis
allergic alveolitis
47
pulmonary edema
excess water in the lungs
| CM: dyspnea, hypoxemia, increased WOB
48
acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveocapillary membrane
49
obstructive pulmonary disorders
airway obstruction that is worse with expiration
| dyspnea and wheezing
50
obstructive pulmonary disorders
| examples (4)
asthma
COPD
emphysema
chronic bronchitis
51
asthma
chronic inflammatory disorders of the airways hyper
responsiveness of the airways
expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea
52
treatments for asthma
peak flow meters, corticosteroids, bet-agonists, anti-inflammatories
53
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
persistent airflow limitation
| progressive
54
risk factors for COPD (4)
tobacco smoke
occupational dusts and chemicals
air pollution
any factor affecting lung growth during gestation and childhood
55
chronic bronchitis
hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough that lasts for three months of the year for two consecutive years
56
treatments for chronic bronchitis
bronchodilators, expectorants and chest physiotherapy
57
emphysema
abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls w/o obvious fibrosis
58
types of infectious pulmonary disorders (8)
```
bronchitis
pneumonia
pneumococcal
tuberculosis
pulmonary embolus
pulmonary hypertension
cor pulmonale
malignancies
```
59
acute bronchitis
acute infection of the airways or bronchi
follows viral illness
symptoms: similar to pneumonia
60
pneumonia and pneumococcal
lower respiratory infection
61
pneumonia and pneumococcal caused by
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or parasites
62
types of pneumonia and pneumococcal
health care acquired
community acquired
hospital acquired
ventilator-associated
63
pneumococcal is the most
most common and most lethal
64
pneumonia and pneumococcal clinical manifestations
fever, chills, productive or dry cough, malaise, pleural pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis
65
tuberculosis caused by
mycobacterium tuberculosis
| acid-fast bacillus
66
tuberculosis transmission
airborne
67
pulmonary embolus
occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by a thrombus, embolus, tissue fragment, lipids or an air bubble
68
virchow triad
venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and injury to endothelial cells that line vessels
69
clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolus
pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, unexplained anxiety
70
pulmonary artery hypertension
mean pulmonary artery pressure over 25 mmHg at rest
| disease of the respiratory and hypoxemia are common causes
71
cor pulmonale
pulmonary heart disease
right ventricular enlargement
secondary to pulmonary hypertension
P.H. creates chronic pressure overload in right ventricle
72
malignancies of respiratory tract
laryngeal
| lung (bronchogenic)
73
laryngeal
carcinoma of the true vocal cords
supraglottic
subglottic (rare)
CM: hoarseness, dyspnea, cough
74
lung (bronchogenic)
```
leading cause of cancer death in Canada
non-small cell cancer
- squamous cell carcinoma
- adenocarcinoma
large cell carcinoma
small cell (oat cell) carcinoma from neuroendocrine tissue
```
