Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Respiration that does not require oxygen

Answer 1

Anaerobic (fermentation)

Question 2

Respiration that does require oxygen

Answer 2

Aerobic

Question 3

Purpose of cellular respiration

Answer 3

To turn food energy into cellular energy (ATP)

Question 4

Fermentation for animals/bacteria

Answer 4

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 5

Fermentation for plants/yeast (fungi)

Answer 5

Alcohol fermentation

Question 6

Aerobic respiration formula

Answer 6

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

Question 7

Anaerobic respiration formula

Answer 7

Glucose –> CO2 + lactic acid (animal) OR ethanol (plant) + 2 ATP

Question 8

4 stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 8

1. Glycolysis
2. Oxidation of pyruvate
3. Krebs/Citric acid cycle
4. ETC/chemiosmosis

Question 9

2 stages of anaerobic respiration

Answer 9

1. Glycolysis
2. Fermentation

Question 10

Glycolysis (main idea)

Answer 10

Sugar is broken down in the cytoplasm (anaerobic process)

Question 11

Input/output in glycolysis process

Answer 11

Input: Glucose, 2 ATP
Output: net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

Question 12

How and when is Acetyl CoA formed?

Answer 12

Before entering Krebs Cycle, 2 pyruvate from glycolysis react with coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA.

Question 13

What else happens to one carbon dioxide between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 13

One carbon dioxide is released and an NADH electrion carrier formes.- Oxidation of Pyruvate
honestly just ignore this card

Question 14

Where is most of the glucose energy stored after glycolysis?

Answer 14

2 pyruvates

Question 15

of steps in Krebs cycle (simple)

Answer 15

6

Question 16

output of Krebs Cycle

Answer 16

Output: 4 CO2, 6 NADH election carriers, 2 FADH2 electron carriers, 2 ATP

Question 17

Stage where most of the ATP of aerobic cellular respiration is made

Answer 17

Electron Transport Chain

Question 18

Election Transport Chain: What happens after electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 get to the ETC?

Answer 18

The electrons/hydrogen atoms are released from the carriers and move along the mitochondrial membrane through various proteins.

Question 19

Electron Transport Chain: What happens as electrons move along the proteins of the mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 19

Hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane into intermembrane space.

Question 20

Electron Transport Chain: What happens to electrons at the end of the chain?

Answer 20

They combine with O2 to make water.

Question 21

Chemiosmosis

Answer 21

Hydrogen ions outside the cell diffuse back into the membrane through ATP synthase (an enzyme) that turns ADP into ATP.

Question 22

What is fermentation?

Answer 22

When there is no oxygen left after glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates and stabilizes the cell (homeostasis) and allows small amounts ATP to be produced.

Question 23

Why can glycolysis be repeated after fermentation?

Answer 23

Glycolysis converts NAD+ to NADH, and when pyruvate gets converted to lactic acid or ethanol, NADH is converted back to NAD+.

Question 24

What causes your muscles to feel sore?

Answer 24

Lactic acid from lack of oxygen.

Question 25

In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ______ and _____ _____.

Answer 25

ethanol/alcohol and carbon dioxide

Question 26

Why does the outmembrane have pores?

Answer 26

To allow molecules through.

Question 27

NAD+ turns to

Answer 27

NADH

Question 28

FAD+ turns to

Answer 28

FADH2

Question 29

Oxidation of Pyruvate # of steps

Answer 29

3

Question 30

First step of Oxidation of Pyruvate

Answer 30

Decarboxation - remove 1 CO2 from pyruvate (leaves 2 carbon acetyl)

Question 31

After Decarboxation (2nd step of Oxidation of Pyruvate)

Answer 31

NAD+ becomes NADH from acetyl

Question 32

What happens to 2 carbon acetyl (3rd step of Oxidation of Pyruvate)

Answer 32

CoA attatches to acetyl to make Acetyl CoA **Oxidation of Pyruvate happens for both pyruvates

Question 33

Results of Oxidation of Pyruvate

Answer 33

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

Question 34

1st step of Krebs Cycle

Answer 34

Acetyl CoA (2 carbons) + olaxoacetate (4 carbons) = citric acid (6 carbons) **in the matrix

Question 35

2nd step of Krebs Cycle

Answer 35

citric acid (6 carbons) loses an electron (makes NADH) and then loses a CO2 = alpha-ketoglutarate (5 carbon)

Question 36

3rd step of Krebs Cycle

Answer 36

Alpha-ketoglutarate (5 carbons) loses an electron (makes NADH) and then loses a CO2 = succinyl CoA (4 carbon)

Question 37

4th step of Krebs Cycle (making ATP/GTP)

Answer 37

Succinyl CoA (4 carbons) loses CoA (ADP becomes ATP with phosphate) = succrinate (4 carbon)

Question 38

5th step of Krebs Cycle

Answer 38

Succinate CoA (4 carbons) loses an electron (makes FADH2) = Fumerate (4 carbons) **fumerate is hydroxylized and turns into Malate

Question 39

6th step of Krebs Cycle

Answer 39

Malate (4 carbons) is oxidized (makes NADH) = olaxoacetate (4 carbons)

Question 40

After 6th step of Krebs Cycle

Answer 40

Oxaloacetate can bond with acetyl CoA again to make citric acid

Question 41

Electron Transport Chain Products

Answer 41

32 ATP, 10 NAD+, 2 FAD, 6 H2O

Question 42

number of steps in ETC

Answer 42

5

Question 43

1st step of Electron Transport Chain

Answer 43

Complex I 10 NADH drop off electrons that allow 4 H+ to get pumped into intermembrane space

Question 44

2nd step of ETC

Answer 44

Electrons from Complex I and from 2 FADH2 go to Q (connecting/transport protein)

Question 45

3rd step of ETC

Answer 45

Complex II used electrons to pumps more H+ into intermembrane space electrons then go to cytochrome c to get to complex III

Question 46

4th step of ETC

Answer 46

Complex III uses the electrons to pump more H+ into intermembrane space Has OXYGEN to make H2O using electrons

Question 47

5th step of ETC

Answer 47

Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation/chemiosmosis A channel protein and ATP Synthase allow H+ back in from intermembrane space, spinning the ATP synthase and making energy to turn ADP into ATP

Question 48

After ETC

Answer 48

Hydrogen is pumped back to be recycled and ATP is let out of the mitochondria by channel proteins

Question 49

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 49

Pyruvate is converted to lactate and NADH is turned back into NAD+ 2 ATP made

Question 50

Alcohol Fermentation

Answer 50

Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide and NADH is turned back into NAD+ 2 ATP is made