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A.P. BIO > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Cells harvest chemical energy stored in organic molecules and use it to generate ATP

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2
Q

What is the major source of fuel for animals?

A

Starch, breaks down into glucose

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3
Q

Oxidation of glucose transfers…..

A

e- to a lower energy state, releasing energy to be used in ATP synthase

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4
Q

Path of Electrons in energy harvest

A

Glucose—->NADH (electron carrier)—->ETC (electron transport chain)—->oxygen

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5
Q

Energy Harvest

A
  1. Each e- taken travels with a proton H+
  2. Dehydrogenases (oxidizing agent for glucose) takes two e- and two protons from glucose
  3. Transfers 2 e- and 1 proton to coenzyme NAD+ which reduces (gains electron) to NADH
  4. NADH carries electron down the electron transport chain
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6
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  1. Sequence of proteins that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions
  2. Releases energy used to make ATP
  3. ETC transfers e- to O2 (the final electron acceptor) to make H20, releases energy
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6
Q

Stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC and chemiosmosis)
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7
Q

Glycolysis

A
  1. Starting point of cellular respiration
  2. Occurs in the cytosol
  3. Splits glucose into 2 pyruvates
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8
Q

Two stages of glycolysis

A
  1. Energy investment stage
  2. Energy Payoff stage
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9
Q

Energy investment stage

A

Cell uses ATP to phosphorylate compounds of glucose
2 ATP—> 2 ADP

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10
Q

Energy payoff stage

A

Energy produced by substrate level phosphorylation
*Invest two ATP and get 4 ATP
*Net gain of two ATP
4 ADP + P—> 4 ATP
2 NAD+ + 4e- + 4H+ —> 2NADH + 2H+

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11
Q

Net production of ATP during glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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12
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A

If oxygen is present, the pyruvate enters the mitochondria
*Pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA
*Acetyl CoA used to make citrate in the citric acid cycle
*2CO2 and 2NADH are produced

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13
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

*Also known as the krebs cycle, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
*Turns acetyl CoA into citrate
*Releases CO2
*ATP synthesized
*Electrons transferred to NADH and FADH2

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14
Q

Citric acid cycle inputs

A

2 Acetyl CoA

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15
Q

Citric acid outputs

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
4 CO2
2 FADH2

16
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation consists of

A
  1. ETC
  2. Chemiosmosis- moving of chemicals down it’s gradient
17
Q

ETC

A

*Located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
*Collection of proteins
*As electrons “fall” proteins alternate between reduced (accepts e-) and oxidized (donates e-)

18
Q

What increases the surface area for the reactions to occur?

A

Cristae, doesn’t produce ATP directly, helps manage the release of energy by creating several small steps for the fall of electrons

19
Q

Final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

20
Q

Major function of the ETC?

A

Creates a proton gradient across the membrane

21
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

-Uses hydrogen ions to power cellular work
-Moving of chemicals down their gradient

22
Q

ATP synthase

A

Enzyme that makes ATP from ADP + P, uses energy from the H+ gradient across the membrane

23
Q

H+ ions flow….

A

-Down their gradient through ATP synthase
-ATP synthase acts like a rotor, when H+ binds, it begins to spin
-Activates catalytic sites to turn ADP + P into ATP
-Produces about 26-28 ATP per glucose

24
Q

How is the proton gradient formed?

A

Flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2 powers the complexes in the ETC to pump H+ into the intermembrane space

25
Q

Glycolysis inputs

A

1 glucose

26
Q

Glycolysis outputs

A

2 pyruvate
2ATP
2 NADH

27
Q

Pyruvate oxidation inputs

A

2 Pyruvate

28
Q

Pyruvate oxidation outputs

A

2 acetyl CoA
2 CO2
2 NADH

29
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation inputs

A

10 NADH
10 FADH2

30
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation outputs

A

26-28 ATP

31
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A
  1. Generates ATP using an electron transport chain
  2. Takes place in prokaryotic organisms that live in environments with no oxygen
  3. Final electron acceptors- sulfates or nitrates
32
Q

Fermentation

A

Generates ATP without an ETC, extension of glycolysis
1. Recycles NAD+
2. Occurs in the cytosol

33
Q

Two types of fermentation

A
  1. Alchohol Fermentation
  2. Lactic acid fermentation
34
Q

Alchohol fermentation

A

Pyruvate is converted into ethanol

35
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate

36
Q

Muscle cells and lactic acid fermentation

A
  1. When muscles run out of oxygen they can go through lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP
    *Causes burning sensation you feel when exercising
37
Q

Breakdown of lactate

A

-Muscles produce lactate, which goes into the blood, and is broken back to glucose in the liver
-When lactate is in the blood it lowers the PH
-If lactate builds up and is unable to be broken down it can lead to lactic acidosis- excessively low blood PH

A.P. BIO (28 decks)

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