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A.P. BIO > Heredity and Punnet Squares > Flashcards

Heredity and Punnet Squares Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

The study of heredity and hereditary variation

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2
Q

Heredity

A

-The transmission of traits from one generation to the next
-Traits passed from parent to offspring through genes

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3
Q

Genes

A

-Segments of DNA that code for the basic units of heredity
-Offspring acquire genes from parents from inheriting chromosomes

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4
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

-Single individual
-No fusion of gametes
-Clones- offspring are exact copies of parents
-Mutations are the only source of variation
-Can reproduce asexually through mitosis

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5
Q

Sexual

A

-Two parents
-Offspring are unique combinations of genes from parents
-Genetically varied from parents and siblings

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6
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes that are the same length, size and centromere position that carry the same genetic information

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7
Q

Karyotypes

A

A display of chromosome pairs ordered by size and length

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8
Q

Somatic cells

A

-Diploid or 2n: two complete sets of each chromosome
-Humans 2n: 46

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9
Q

Gametic cells

A

-Haploid or n: one set of chromosomes
-Humans: 23

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10
Q

What have DNA packaged in chromosomes?

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

Two types of chromosomes

A
  1. Autosomes: Chromosomes that don’t determine sex
  2. Sex chromosomes: X & Y
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12
Q

Life cycle

A

-Sequence of changes in the reproductive history of an organism from conception to its own reproduction
-Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles

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13
Q

Fertilization

A

When a sperm cell fuses with an egg to form a zygote

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14
Q

Meiosis

A

Process that creates haploid gamete cells in sexually reproducing gamete organisms

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15
Q

Three unique events in meiosis

A
  1. Prophase 1
  2. Metaphase 1
  3. Anaphase 1
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16
Q

Prophase 1

A

Synapsis: Homologous chromosomes pair up and physically connect to each other form a tetrad
-Crossing over (recombination) occurs at the chiasmata and DNA is exchanged between the homologous pairs
-Every chromatid that’s produced has a unique combination of DNA

17
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Independent orientation-tetrads line up at the metaphase plate

18
Q

Prophase II

A

-No crossing over
-Spindle forms
-Sister chromatids not identical

18
Q

Telophase 1 and cytokinesis

A

-Nuclei and cytoplasm divide
-There is now a haploid set of chromosomes in each daughter cell

18
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate
-sister chromatids still attached

19
Q

Metaphase II

A

-Chromosomes line up at the middle
-Because of crossing over, chromatids are unique

20
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids separate

21
Q

Telophase II and cytokinesis

A

-4 haploid cells
-Nuclei reappear
-Each daughter cell genetically unique

22
Q

True breeding

A

Organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over multiple generations

23
Q

P generation

A

True-breeding parental generation

24
Q

F1 generation

A

Hybrid offspring of P generation

25
Q

F2 generation

A

Offspring of F1 generation

26
Q

Punnet squares

A

diagrams used to predict allele combinations of offspring

27
Q

Homozygous

A

An organism with an identical pair of alleles
Ex. AA, aa

28
Q

Heterozygous

A

An organism with two different alleles for a gene
Ex. Aa

29
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

30
Q

Phenotype

A

An organisms appearance

31
Q

What do testcrosses help to determine?

A

If the dominant trait is homo or heterozygous

32
Q

Pedigrees

A

Family trees that give a visual of inheritance patterns of particular traits

33
Q

Do dominant traits skip generations?

A

No

34
Q

X-linked trait meaning

A

Males more commonly affected compared to females

35
Q

Mendels two principles of heredity

A
  1. Law of segregation- alleles segregate randomly into gametes
  2. Law of independent assortment- the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene

A.P. BIO (28 decks)

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