Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Cellular Respiration

Answer 1

Catabolic pathway that breaks down energy rich compounds to produce ATP

Question 2

Steps in Metabolic Pathway

Answer 2

Glycolysis - cytoplasm/cytosol
Pyruvate Oxidation - mitochondrial matrix
Citric Acid Cycle - mitochondrial matrix
ETC and chemiosmosis (oxidative Phosphorylation) - inner mitochondria membrane

Question 3

Glycolysis

Answer 3

oxidation of one 6-carbon glucose molecule - two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules
Soluble enzymes involved

Question 4

2 phases of glycolysis

Answer 4

Initial phrase investment

energy payoff phrase

Question 5

ETC - complex I

Answer 5

NADH dehydrogenase

Question 6

ETC - complex II

Answer 6

FADH2 (succinate) dehydrogenase

Question 7

ETC - complex III

Answer 7

cytochrome complex

Question 8

ETC - complex IV

Answer 8

cytochrome oxidase

Question 9

What is all the reactants and products doubled by in the citric acid cycle (net equation)?

Answer 9

2

Question 10

What is completely oxidized (CO2)

Answer 10

Glucose, electron carriers NADH and FADH2 reach ETC

Question 11

Chemiosmosis

Answer 11

process which ATP is synthesized using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and thee ATP synthase enzyme

Question 12

Ubiquinone

Answer 12

also picks up H+ as it accepts electrons from complex]x I and II

Question 13

Proton gradient

Answer 13

a difference in proton concentration across memebrance

Question 14

electrical potential

Answer 14

An electric potential is the amount of work needed to move a unit of charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without producing an acceleration.

Question 15

2 principle components of ATP synthase

Answer 15

Basal portion: intergal membrane proteins
- forms a channel for H+ ions pass freely via. proton motive force
head portion: extends into matrix

Question 16

Uncoupling ETC and chemiosmosis

Answer 16

released as thermal energy

H+ rush back over membrane through uncoupling proteins

Question 17

Example of ETC and chemiosmosis uncoupling

Answer 17

• Inner mitochondria membrane of brown adipose fat tissue

- protein channels take H+ back into matrix realizing thermal energy

Question 18

In general how may ATP is getting multiplied Theoretically

Answer 18

NADH oxidized = 3 ATP

FADH2 oxidized = 2 ATP

Question 19

How many ATP is produced Theoretically in Cellular respiration

Answer 19

38 ATP

Question 20

In general how may ATP is getting multiplied Actually

Answer 20

NADH = 2.5 ATP
FADH2 = 1.5 ATP

Question 21

Creatine Phosphate

Answer 21

acts as ATP storage

Can be easily released for sudden ATP energy bursts or stored if no activity

Question 22

Allosteric Regulation

Answer 22

ATP regulated to meet cellular energy requirements

- supply and demand

Question 23

Example of Regulating Cellular respiration

Answer 23

Phosphofructokinase

• regulated at irreversible steps
• in glycolysis this can be inhibited or activited

Question 24

What is beta-oxidation

Answer 24

sequential removal of acetyl groups from the fatty acid

Question 25

How is an acetyl group broken down to CO2 and H2O

Answer 25

acetyl group are linked to CoA to make acetyl-CoA | acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle and is broken down to CO2 and H2O

Question 26

Protein Catabolism

Answer 26

Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids where some are used to makes cells own protein

Question 27

Deamination

Answer 27

Removal of an amino group

Question 28

Protein catabolism - amino acids depicts what type of substrate is produced

Answer 28

Alanine - pyruvate Leucine - acetyl-CoA Proline - a-ketoglutarate phenylalanine - fumarate

Question 29

When do organisms use Anaerobic Pathways

Answer 29

in poor oxygen enviro. ex. wet enviro, human digestive tract

Question 30

two methods of Fermentation in eukaryotes

Answer 30

- ethanol fermentation | - Lactic Acid fermentation

Question 31

Ethanol fermination

Answer 31

2 pyruvates are decarboxylated and forms 2 acetalaldedydes

Question 32

What is waste products in Ethanol fermentation

Answer 32

CO2 and ethanol

Question 33

Example of organism that carry out Ethanol fermentation

Answer 33

yeast

Question 34

Uses of ethanol/ alcohol fermentation

Answer 34

Humans to make breads, pastries, beers, wines | Accumulation of ethanol in animals can cause death

Question 35

Lactate fermentation

Answer 35

Glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce 2 pyruvates, 2NADH + 2H+ and 2 ATP net 2 pyruvates are reduced by 2NADH from glycolysis forming 2 lactates and 2 NAD+

Question 36

Uses of Lactate fermentation

Answer 36

during exercise, muscles respire faster then the body can supply oxygen

Question 37

What reaction is reversible? Why?

Answer 37

Lactate Fermentation - when exercises cease, oxygen is present - Lactate is shuttled to liver to be oxidized - pyruvate and NADH are replenished

Question 38

Why do pyruvates go in to mitochondria during Lactate Fermentation?

Answer 38

where undergoes aerobic cellular respiration

Question 39

Substrate - Level phosphorylation

Answer 39

the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substate to ADP

Question 40

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 40

a process that forms ATP using energy transferred indirectly from a series of redox reactions

Question 41

Glycolysis

Answer 41

series of reactions in which a glucose molecule is broken into two pyruvate molecules and energy is released

Question 42

Pyruvate oxidation

Answer 42

reaction which pyruvate is oxidized by NAD+, CO2 is removed, forming an acetyl group and releasing NADH

Question 43

citric acid cycle

Answer 43

cyclic series of reactions that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP, and FADH2 and releases CO2