Metabolic Processes Photosynthesis

Question 1

Two Stages of Photosynthesis

Answer 1

Light dependent and light independent

Question 2

Light Dependent reactions

Answer 2

• absorption of photons of light

- light needs to be present

Question 3

Light independent reactions

Answer 3

• Calvin cycle
• need for Calvin cycle to happen
• need ATP and NADPH (can be In the dark)
• light needs to be absorbed

Question 4

Photosynthetic Organisms

Answer 4

Organisms that carry our photosynthesis:

• plants
• algae
• some protists
• Cyanobacteria

Question 5

What organisms are Eukaryotes Autotrophs

Answer 5

Algae, photosynthetic protists and plants

Question 6

Eukaryotic Autotrophs

Answer 6

• They have chloroplasts as discrete organelles
• Green colour due to chlorophyll
• In plants, leaves -primary organs for photosynthesis

Question 7

Chloroplasts

Answer 7

Photosynthetic “powerhouse”

Both LD reactions and Calvin cycle take place in here

Question 8

Chloroplast 3 membrane structure

Answer 8

Outer, inner and thylakoid membrane

Question 9

What plants must obtain for photosynthesis to take place?

Answer 9

Carbon dioxide
Water
Light energy

Question 10

Capturing light energy

Answer 10

The ability to trap light energy and convert to chemical energy requires a sophisticated photochemical apparatus

Question 11

Primary electron acceptor

Answer 11

Molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced during photosynthesis

Question 12

Chlorophyll

Answer 12

major photosynthetic pigments in plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria

Question 13

2 types of chlorophyll

Answer 13

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

Question 14

Carotenoids

Answer 14

second major group of photosynthetic pigments

Question 15

Antenna Complex

Answer 15

captures light energy and transfers it to a chlorophyll a molecule and the primary electron acceptor in the reaction centre

Question 16

Absorption spectrum

Answer 16

measures the magnitude of absorption of light of a pigment

Question 17

Action spectrum

Answer 17

plots the effectiveness of light of various wavelengths in driving photosynthesis

Question 18

Proteins =

Answer 18

Photosystems

Question 19

Photosystem I (PSI)

Answer 19

absorb light optimally at wavelengths 700 nm (P700 molecules)

Question 20

Photosystem II (PSII)

Answer 20

absorb light optimally at wavelengths 680nm (P680 molecules)

Question 21

Cuticle

Answer 21

protecting film covering the epidermis of leaves

Question 22

Upper epidermis

Answer 22

top of leaf, single layer of cells directly below cuticle, protects leaf, providing water loss and providing an extra layer between out/in of leaf

Question 23

palisade mesophyll

Answer 23

absorb light for photosynthesis to take place. Consists of chloroplasts with chlorophyll

Question 24

Spongy mesophyll

Answer 24

leaf tissue consisting of loosely arranged chloroplasts bearing cells, located on lower side of leaf

Question 25

lower epidermis

Answer 25

single layer of cells on lower surface of leaf. contains stromata and guard cells. Stroma allows exchange for C)2 and O2 and transpiration

Question 26

stroma

Answer 26

tiny openings or pores in tissue that allows for gas exchange. Mostly found in leaves sometimes stems

Question 27

air space

Answer 27

irregularly shaped cells loosely packed with air spaces. storage place for products of photosynthesis

Question 28

Xylem veins

Answer 28

transports water + minerals from roots to leaves (upper side of veins)

Question 29

Phloem veins

Answer 29

transports carbohydrates made by photosynthesis in leaves and rest of plant (lower side)

Question 30

Proton Motive Force

Answer 30

occurs when the cell membrane becomes energized due to electron transport reactions by the electron carriers embedded in it.

Question 31

Proton Motive Force 3 mechanisms

Answer 31

1. reduction and oxidation of plastoquinon 2. addition of two protons for each water molecule spilt in thee lumen 3. removal of one proton for each NADP+ reduced in the stroma

Question 32

Role of light energy

Answer 32

drives photosynthetic electron transport chain gives energy H20 PSI has the same function as PSII

Question 33

Types of ETC in photosynthesis

Answer 33

- linear (makes ATP, NADPH) including P680 and NADP+ reductase - clitic, electrons kept in P700

Question 34

Calvin cycle three phrases

Answer 34

- carbon fixation - reduction reaction - regeneration of ribulose 1, 5-biphosphate (RuBP)

Question 35

Most important enzyme in calvin cycle

Answer 35

Rubisco

Question 36

C3 plants conditions

Answer 36

On hot, dry days, these plants close stomata to prevent water loss and gas exchange

Question 37

C4 plants conditions

Answer 37

Tropical pants, and several temperate crop species. (warmer climates)

Question 38

Photorespiration

Answer 38

the catalysis of O2 instead of CO2 by rubisco into RuBP, which slows the Calvin cycle, consumes ATP, and results in a release in a release of carbon

Question 39

C4 cycle

Answer 39

an alternative form of carbon fixation that some plants use., particularly in hot water, increases the concentration of CO2 available for the Calvin cycle reactions

Question 40

CAM plants conditions

Answer 40

hot and dry during the day and cool at night

Question 41

CAM metabolism

Answer 41

used mostly by succulent plants, which the Calvin cycle and the C4 cycle are separated in time for better efficiently of CO2 fixation