Central Nervous System Flashcards by Gabriel Mervil

The parts of Brains Regions are

Cerebrum - cerebral
hemispheres

Diencephalon –
hypothalamus,
thalamus, epithalamus

Brainstem

Cerebellum

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What Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata Spinal cord continuous with medulla oblongata?

Brainstem

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What? elevated ridges of tissue
• _____ – motor area
• _____ – somatosensory area

Gyrus
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus

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What shallow groove separating gyrus
• ______– separates frontal from parietal lobe
• Lateral sulcus – separates temporal lobe from parietal and
frontal

Sulcus

Central sulcus

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deep grooves separating brain regions
• _____ – separates hemispheres
• _______ – separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Fissures

Longitudinal
Transverse

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What Divided into 2 halves

cerebral hemispheres

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What Divided into 2 halves

cerebral hemispheres

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The cerebral hemispheres composed of 3 layers

1.Cerebral cortex - outer layer of gray matter associated with consciousness
(voluntary behavior)
2. Cerebral white matter – communication between cerebral areas and
cortex to lower CNS centers
• Ex. Corpus callosum connects 2 hemispheres integrating information
3. Basal Nuclei (ganglia) -Core of gray matter that controls subconscious
contractions of skeletal muscle

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outer layer of gray matter associated with consciousness

voluntary behavior

Cerebral cortex

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communication between cerebral areas and

cortex to lower CNS centers

Cerebral white matter

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communication between cerebral areas and

cortex to lower CNS centers

Cerebral white matter

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-Core of gray matter that controls subconscious

contractions of skeletal muscle

Basal Nuclei (ganglia)

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-Core of gray matter that controls subconscious

contractions of skeletal muscle

Basal Nuclei (ganglia)

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The Brain Anatomically divided into 4 major lobes – ________________ covered by parts of the
temporal, frontal and parietal lobes

frontal, parietal,

occipital, temporal and the insula

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The Brain Anatomically divided into 4 major lobes – ________________ covered by parts of the
temporal, frontal and parietal lobes

frontal, parietal,

occipital, temporal and the insula

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Controls voluntary movement

& located in posterior part of frontal lobe

Motor Area

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Controls voluntary movement

& located in posterior part of frontal lobe

Motor Area

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Receive sensory information
& Involved in perception – conscious awareness
of a sensation

Sensory area

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Receive sensory information
& Involved in perception – conscious awareness
of a sensation

Sensory area

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Located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

& Controls skeletal muscle movement

Primary motor cortex

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Located in inferior/lateral area of frontal lobe
.Controls muscles of tongue, throat and lips to form
words
• Most people – on left side

Broca’s area (motor speech area)

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• Receives sensory information from skin and skeletal muscles
and identifies part of body being stimulated – called spatial
discrimination
• Integrates and analyzes different sensory inputs and evaluates
what is being felt
• Receives information on joint and muscle position –
Proprioception

Primary somatosensory area - in postcentral gyrus of parietal
lobe

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Receives impulses for taste

* Involved in gustatory (taste) perception

Gustatory cortex – located at base of precentral gyrus on the
insula lobe

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posterior occipital lobe
• Receives visual information from retinas
• Interprets and evaluates visual stimuli

Visual area

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superior temporal lobe . Auditory stimuli from cochlea evaluated for pitch, rhythm, loudness • Identifies sound

Auditory area

superior temporal lobe . Auditory stimuli from cochlea evaluated for pitch, rhythm, loudness • Identifies sound

Auditory area

medial aspect of temporal lobe | • Conscious awareness of odors

Olfactory cortex

DIENCEPHALON

Extends from brainstem to cerebrum • Surrounds 3rd ventricle • Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Bilateral masses of gray matter in center of brain • Functions include: • Relay station for all sensory impulses and relayed to appropriate area • Transmits motor information from cerebellum to primary motor area

THALAMUS

Superior to the thalamus, extends posteriorly superior to the cerebellum as the Pineal Gland. The Pineal Gland induces sleep when it becomes dark thus it plays a role in regulating circadian rhythms.

EPITHALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS

Inferior to thalamus

HYPOTHALAMUS Functions include:

. Control of autonomic nervous system to regulate homeostasis • Initiates physical response to emotions – increased heart rate, etc. when scared • Regulates body temperature • Regulates food and water intake • Regulates sleep-wake cycle • Controls endocrine function by producing hormones that act on pituitary gland

BRAINSTEM | Three sections:

• Midbrain – inferior to diencephalon • Pons – superior to medulla, anterior to cerebellum • Medulla oblongata – most inferior part that is continuous inferiorly with spinal cord

MIDBRAIN

regulates normal rhythm of breathing; Aids the medulla oblongata with controlling respiratory functions

Pneumotaxic center (PONS)

Hypothalamus relays instructions through medulla for visceral function Controls reflexes for vomiting, sneezing, swallowing, hiccups, etc. (autonomic reflexes

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

regulates heart beat and blood | pressure

Cardiovascular center

generates respiratory rate

Respiratory center

Located posterior to pons and medulla, inferior to occipital lobe • Contains inner layer of white matter tracts called arbor vitae – white matter tracts and fibers within the cerebellum

CEREBELLUM

CEREBELLUM Functions:

• Provide smooth coordinated movements of skeletal muscles • Regulates posture and balance

• encircles midbrain and corpus callosum • Center for emotions (pain or pleasure centers), memory and olfaction

Limbic system

Located throughout brainstem • Contains the RAS which maintain consciousness, active during awakening • Filters out repetitive stimuli

Reticular formation

. Meninges – 3 connective tissue membranes that cover and protect CNS • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – liquid cushion for CNS • Blood Brain Barrier - maintains stable environment of brain

PROTECTION OF BRAIN

3 connective tissue membranes that cover | and protect CNS

Meninges

liquid cushion for CNS

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

maintains stable environment of | brain

Blood Brain Barrier

Define MENINGES

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, pia mater.

ough double-layered outer membrane • Outer layer connects to crista galli of ethmoid • head trauma can cause bleed into Subdural space (between dura and arachnoid mater

Dura mater

spidery middle layer | • Subarachnoid space – filled with CSF

Arachnoid mater

“gentle mother” • attached directly to brain • Highly vascular

Pia mater

Colorless fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord Contains water, glucose, albumin, gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and metabolic wastes (urea, creatine)

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

• No red blood cells or platelets, some white blood cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) • Provides buoyancy to reduce brain weight

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

• Cushions and nourishes nervous tissue • Produced by choroid plexus that hang from roof of ventricles (cavities in brain)

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

Brain capillaries impermeable to most substances due to the | presence of astrocytes.

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

Control chemical environment around neurons • allows nutrients (glucose, amino acids) • Lipid soluble substances can also enter – oxygen, carbon dioxide, fats, alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF SPINAL | CORD

* Provides two way conduction pathway to and from brain * Initiates complex patterns of motor activities like walking * Major reflex center

GROSS ANATOMY

Vertebrae – bone surrounding spinal cord • Meninges – connective tissue coverings that protect spinal cord • Spinal cord – nervous tissue

bone surrounding spinal cord

Vertebrae

connective tissue coverings that protect | spinal cord

Meninges

nervous tissue

Spinal cord

* Surround and protect spinal cord | * 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit via intervertebral foramen

VERTEBRAE

space between vertebra and dura mater filled with fat and blood vessels (Cushions and protects spinal cord from vertebra)

Epidural space

SPINAL CORD

• Contains gray and white matter • Roots - sensory and motor axons that exit spinal cord via intervertebral foramen • Central canal – cavity in center of gray matter that contains CSF • Cord ends around L1 – spinal taps done below L3 • Cauda equina – lumbar and sacral nerve roots at end of spinal cord

Knowing the difference between Gray and White matter

• Gray matter is butterfly shaped area containing unmyelinated multipolar neurons • White matter – myelinated nerve fibers surrounding gray matter carry information up and down to the brain

sensory and motor axons that exit spinal cord via | intervertebral foramen

Roots

cavity in center of gray matter that | contains CSF

Central canal

Cord ends around L1

spinal taps done below L3

lumbar and sacral nerve roots at end of | spinal cord

Cauda equina

GRAY MATTER

• Ventral (anterior) horn – contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons • Lateral horns – contain autonomic motor neurons cell bodies that serve visceral organs (only in thoracic and upper lumbar) • Dorsal (posterior) horn – contains cell bodies of association neurons • ** Sensory neuron cell bodies are outside the spinal cord in the Dorsal (posterior) root ganglion**

contains cell bodies of somatic | motor neurons

Ventral (anterior) horn

contain autonomic motor neurons cell bodies that serve visceral organs (only in thoracic and upper lumbar)

Lateral horns

contains cell bodies of | association neurons

Dorsal (posterior) horn

Sensory neuron cell bodies are outside the spinal cord in | the ________?

Dorsal (posterior) root ganglion**

WHITE MATTER

• Ascending tracts– sensory axons running up to brain • Descending tracts– motor axons running down from brain • Transverse (commissural) tracts– cross from 1 side of cord to the other

sensory axons running up to brain

Ascending tracts

motor axons running down from | brain

Descending tracts

cross from 1 side | of cord to the other

Transverse (commissural) tracts

SPINAL ROOTS

• Dorsal – contains sensory axons that run from sensory cell bodies in dorsal (posterior) root ganglion to dorsal (posterior) horns • Ventral – contain motor axons exiting from ventral (anterior) horn • Ventral Root unites with Sensory nerve distal to dorsal (posterior) root ganglion to form Spinal nerve which exit through intervertebral foramen out to body

_____– contains sensory axons that run from sensory cell bodies in dorsal (posterior) root ganglion to dorsal (posterior) horns

Dorsal

contain motor axons exiting from ventral (anterior) | horn

Ventral

Central Nervous System Flashcards

(80 cards)