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sensory system Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

located in the retinal

• Accessory structures

A

Vsion Receptors

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2
Q

protect eye

A

Eyebrows and eyelids

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3
Q

mucus membrane on eyelid prevents eye

from drying out (palpebral and ocular portions)

A

Conjunctiva

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4
Q

skeletal muscles that move eyeball

controlled by oculomotor, trochlear, abducens nerve

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

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5
Q

is located in orbit above
lateral end of eye and secretes lacrimal secretion (tears), a
dilute saline solution containing mucus, antibodies, and
antibacterial lysozyme

A

Lacrimal Gland

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6
Q

Four rectus muscles

A

• Superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus

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7
Q

Two oblique muscles

A

Superior and inferior oblique muscles

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8
Q

innervates 4 muscles: superior, medial and

inferior rectus, inferior oblique

A

Oculomotor

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9
Q

one muscle: lateral rectus

A

Abducens

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10
Q

one muscle : superior oblique

A

Trochlear

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11
Q

inflammation of the conjunctiva

resulting in reddened, irritated eyes

A

Conjunctivitis

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12
Q

conjunctival infection caused by bacteria or
viruses
•Highly contagious

A

Pinkeye

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13
Q

tissue layers making up eye

  1. Fibrous
  2. Vascular
  3. Sensory (retina)
A

Tunics

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14
Q

Outermost layer made of dense, avascular connective tissue

A

FIBROUS TUNIC

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15
Q
  • “white of the eye”

* Protects, shapes eyeball; anchors extrinsic eye muscles

A

Sclera

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16
Q

• Transparent anterior portion that allows light to enter

A

Cornea

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17
Q

Highly vascular, pigmented posterior portion

• Pigments absorb light preventing reflection

A

Choroid

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18
Q

Contains ciliary muscles which control
lens shape
• Also secretes aqueous humor

A

Ciliary body

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19
Q

anterior portion that is visible colored portion of
eye
• Regulates amount of light entering eye by
controlling size of pupil

A

Iris

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20
Q

hole in iris where light enters retina

A

Pupil

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21
Q

inner circular muscles that contract and pupillary constrict

A

Sphincter pupillae

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22
Q

outer radial muscles; upon contraction they stimulate pupillary dilation.

A

Dilator pupillae

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23
Q

The iris has 2 layers of muscles

A

Sphincter pupillae & Dilator pupillae

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24
Q

where transduction of light to graded potentials occurs
•_____ = respond to dim light, abundant on edges (peripheral vision)
• ____ = respond to bright light (color vision), highest acuity (sharpness), highest resolution (detailed)

A

Photoreceptor cells
(Rods)
(Cones)

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25
receive graded potential and carries it to ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
26
generates AP
Ganglion cells (becomes optic nerve)
27
where optic nerve exits eye (blind spot lacks photoreceptors)
Optic disc
28
area of visual acuity; contains only cones
Fovea Centralis
29
Biconvex structure that can change shape to focus light on retina Divides eye into anterior and posterior chambers/segments
LENS
30
Anterior chamber filled with _______ = nourishes lens and cornea (replenished through life) produced by the ciliary body Posterior chamber contains ______ = holds retina in place and is not replenished
aqueous humor, vitreous humor
31
condition in which drainage of aqueous humor is blocked, causing fluid to back up and increase pressure within eye • Pressures may increase to dangerous levels and compress retina and optic nerve, leading to blindness • Symptoms: few early signs, but late signs include seeing halos around lights and blurred vision
Glaucoma:
32
Through____: • Cornea refracts (bends) most light • Aqueous humor continues to refraction to: • Lens • also refracts light • Light passes through vitreous humor to posterior retina to photoreceptors
eye
33
Through___: • Light changes chemicals in photopigments in rods and cones (photoreceptors) which generate graded potential • Impulse travels to bipolar cells to ganglion cells = generate action potential • Ganglion cells become optic nerve • Optic nerve fibers from medial aspect of eye crosses at optic chiasm • Impulses carried on optic nerve to thalamus then to visual center in occipital lobe
retina
34
(nearsightedness) • Eyeball is too long, so focal point is in front of retina • Corrected with a concave lens
Myopia
35
(farsightedness) • Eyeball is too short, so focal point is behind retina • Corrected with a convex lens
Hyperopia
36
• Unequal curvatures in different parts of cornea or lens • Corrected with cylindrically ground lenses or laser procedures
Astigmatism
37
lack of one or more cone pigments
Color blindness:
38
complementary senses that let us know whether a substance should be savored or avoided
Smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation):
39
are used by these systems • Chemicals must be dissolved in aqueous solution to be picked up by chemoreceptors ( Smell & taste)
Chemoreceptors
40
•Located in in roof of nasal cavity •Contains olfactory sensory neurons (bipolar neurons)
Olfactory epithelium
41
covered by mucus (solvent for odorants)
Olfactory neurons
42
Olfactory neurons, unlike other neurons, have stem cells that give rise to new neurons every
30–60 days
43
Olfactory receptors extend through _________ in | ethmoid bone into nasal cavity
olfactory foramina
44
Olfactory nerves carry impulse to olfactory bulb to _______
olfactory | tracts
45
Impulse travels on ______________ sharing it with the limbic system, hypothalamus
olfactory tracts to olfactory area in | temporal lobe
46
Taste buds contain gustatory cells that act as the | receptor
Gustation
47
What are the molecules dissolved in water and contact | taste bud to generate action potential
Tastants
48
anterior 2/3 of tongue
facial
49
posterior 1/3
Glossopharyngeal
50
lower pharynx and epiglottis
Vagus
51
Lose 80% of taste if olfactory receptors | blocked
PHYSIOLOGY OF TASTE
52
composed of pinna, external auditory | canal, tympanic membrane
Outer ear
53
air-filled chamber inside temporal bone that contains ossicles and eustachian tube, and oval membrane
Middle ear
54
fluid-filled chamber that contains receptors for hearing (cochlea) and balance (semicircular canals and vestibule)
Inner ear
55
Auricle) • outer elastic cartilage structure that directs sound waves into external auditory canal
Pinna
56
* directs sound waves to tympanic membrane | * contains cerumen (ear wax) to trap foreign substances
External auditory canal (acoustic meatus)
57
sound waves make membrane vibrate converting sounds | waves to mechanical energy
Tympanic membrane
58
(bones) of middle ear; transmit vibrations | from tympanic membrane to oval window
Ossicles
59
attached to eardrum
Malleus
60
middle bone
Incus
61
attached to oval window of vestibule
Stapes
62
* Links middle ear with nasopharynx | * Equalizes pressure between atmosphere and middle ear
Eustachian tube (Pharyngotympanic)
63
Both the semicircular canals and the cochlea contain
mechanoreceptors
64
egg shaped bony cavity that connects with semicircular canals and cochlea • Contains receptors for ______
Vestibule | static equilibrium
65
=3 canals positioned in 3 | planes of space• Contains receptors for _______
Semicircular canal | dynamic equilibrium
66
Spiral conical chamber containing the organ of Corti (spiral organ) = receptor organ for hearing. Ends at the round window.
Cochlea
67
Sound enters
external auditory canal
68
Sound waves strike______ = cause it to | vibrate
tympanic membrane
69
Vibrations transferred from membrane to _______ on vestibule
ossicles to oval | window
70
Vibrations create _____ in cochlea which __________ vibrations get absorbed by the round window.
fluid waves stimulates hair cells (receptors) in organ of Corti;
71
AP generated in organ of Corti transmitted to ____ | nerve (branch of vestibulocochlear)
cochlear
72
activates reflexes in body and | extrinsic eye muscles
Brainstem
73
coordinate skeletal muscle | activity, maintain balance
Cerebellum
74
Result of damage to structures which conduct sound | wave (tympanic membrane, degeneration of ossicles)
Conduction deafness

Anatomy (11 decks)

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