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Introduction to nervous system > Central Nervous system > Flashcards

Central Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the regions of the brain:

There is 5

A 
Cerebrum
Left and right cerebral hemispheres 
Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
Gyrus
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2
Q

What region of the brain is this?

_____- largest and most superior portion of the brain.

A

Cerebrum

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3
Q

What region of the brain is this?

____- divided by the longitudinal fissure

A

Right and left cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

What region of the brain is this?

____- Outer layer of gray matter.

A

Cerebral cortex

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5
Q

What region of the brain is this?

Deep under this gray matter is white matter and some deep areas of gray matter called _____

A

basal nuclei

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6
Q

What region of the brain is this?
_____-elvated ridges on the surface separated by sulci (shallow grooves, the sulcus is the singular) and fissure (deep grooves.

A

Gyrus

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7
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A 
Frontal lobe 
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Insular lobe
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8
Q

What type of lobe of the cerebrum is this?

_____ large region on anterior

A

Frontal lobe

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9
Q

In frontal lobe :
______- Lies in the precentral gyrus.
*Control somatic motor neurons that excite skeletal muscles on the contralateral side (left hemisphere of the brain controls right half of body and visa Versa)

A

Primary motor cortex

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10
Q

In frontal lobe

____- anterior to the primary motor cortex, motor planning.

A

Premotor cortex

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11
Q

In frontal lobe

____- involved with intellect, reasoning, judgment, concern for others, personality traits, and management of emotions.

A

Prefrontal cortex

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12
Q

What type of lobe of the cerebrum is this?

_____-superior region posterior to frontal and deep to the parietal bone.

A

Parietal lobe

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13
Q

In the parietal lobe:
____-postcentral gyrus
*Receives impulses involved in touch, pain, pressure, stretch.

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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14
Q

In the parietal lobe:
______- lies posterior to the primary somatosensory
*Integrates sensory input into understanding based on past experiences.

A

Somatosensory association cortex

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15
Q

What type of lobe of the cerebrum is this?

____- Lateral inferior region deep to the temporal bone

A

Temporal lobe.

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16
Q

In temporal lobe:

____- receives sensory for the sense of hearing.

A

Primary auditory cortex

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17
Q

In temporal lobe;

____- posterior to primary, interprets sound into context

A

Auditory association cortex

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18
Q

In temporal lobe

______- sensory input for sense of smell

A

Olfactory cortex

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19
Q

In temporal lobe

____-functions important for memory formation.

A

Hippocampus

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20
Q

In temporal lobe

____- functions important for emotions and memories

A

Part of the limbic system

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21
Q

What type of lobe of the cerebrum is this?

____- most posterior region

A

Occipital lobe

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22
Q

In occipital lobe

____- receives sensory input for vision

A

Primary visual cortex

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23
Q

In occipital lobe

____- Surrounds the primary, more complex visual processing

A

Visual associated

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24
Q

What type of lobe of the cerebrum is this?

_____- region found hidden deep within the lateral sulcus.

A

Insular lobe

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25
In Insular lobe: ____-recieves sensory input for taste (gustation) * Functions as part of the limbic system processing emotions.
Primary gustatory cortex
26
_____- White matter in the CNS, consisting of bundles of axons.
Tracts
27
_____- The largest tract in the brain connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum.
Corpus callosum
28
Language areas of the cerebral cortex
in the left hemisphere only
29
What Language areas of the cerebral cortex is this? | ____ Controls muscles involved in speech production
Broca's area (in frontal lobe)
30
What Language areas of the cerebral cortex is this? | _____- important for language comprehension.
Wernick's area ( in the temporal lobe)
31
_____- gray matter deep in the cerebrum
Basal nuclei (commonly referred to as basal ganglia )
32
In basal nuclei ____- includes the caudate nucleus and putamen. *Adjust stopping, starting and intensity of movements after receiving input from the cerebral cortex. *Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases result from dysfunction of the striatum.
Striatum
33
In basal nuclei | _____- Works with the striatum to regulate motivation.
Globus pallidus
34
In basal nuclei | ____- almond-shaped, deep in the temporal lobe, important for negative emotions
Amygdala
35
_____- superior to the brain stem, surrounded by cerebral hemispheres, and encloses the third ventricle
Diencepthalon
36
_____- forms the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle deep to the cerebrum in the center of the brain.
Thalamus
37
What is the function of the thalamus?
relay station for all incoming sensory impulses except olfaction (smell)
38
In thalamus | _____- connects left and right halves of the thalamus.
Intermediate mass
39
What is in the diencephalon?
Thalamus Hypothalamus mamillary bodies pineal gland
40
____- slightly anterior and inferior to the thalamus.
hypothalamus
41
hypothalamus: | ____-feeding, fornication, and fight or flight
Four F's
42
hypothalamus: | ____- Controls ANS center in the brain stem and spinal cord
Autonomic control center
43
hypothalamus: | _____- fear, anger, pleasure
Emotional responses
44
hypothalamus: | ____- responds to change in levels of nutrients and hormones.
Hunger
45
hypothalamus: | _____-Osmoreceptors detect concentrations of body fluids
Water balance and thirst
46
hypothalamus: | ____- thermostat, initiates cooling or heating mechanism
Controls body temperature
47
hypothalamus: | Connects to ____ through _____ and regulates the endocrine system.
pituitary | infundibulum
48
_____- small round projections from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus that connect to the medial temporal lobe through the fornix (projection tract)
Mamillary bodies
49
Mamillary bodies: | _____ Damage due to thiamine deficiency ( Wernicke-Korsakoff) syndrome causes impaired memory.
Important for memory
50
____- secrete melatonin which regulates your day-night cycles
Pineal gland
51
Brainstem:
Midbrain medulla oblongata Cerebellum
52
part of Brainstem: | ______- Superior portion of the brain stem directly inferior to the diencephalon
Midbrain
53
Part of Midbrain: _____- four protrusions on the dorsal surface *___- visual reflexes *____- auditory reflexes
Corpora quadrigemina * Superior colliculi * Inferior colliculi
54
part of Midbrain | ____-ascending and descending tract
Cerebral peduncle
55
part of Midbrain | ______- connects third and fourth ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct.
56
____- a bulging region of brain stem between the midbrain and the medulla * Cerebellar peduncles on posterior of brainstem connects to the cerebellum * Contains respiratory control centers
Pons
57
______- the base of the brain stem, contains vital reflex centers that regulate the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory centers.
Medulla oblongata
58
Medulla oblongata ____- longitudinal ridges on the ventral surface, contains motor tracts that cross over (decussation) before they continue down the spinal cord.
Medullary Pyramids
59
Brainstem; _____; located posterior to the pons and medulla, densely packed with small neurons. Fine-tunes motor commands based on sensory feedback and learning from previous experience.
Cerebellum
60
Cerebellum; | _____- outer gray matter forms horizontal folds called Folia
Cerebellar cortex
61
Cerebellum; | ___- inner white matter, branches, "tree of life"
Arbor vitae
62
What is the protection of the brain?
Bones of the cranium
63
_____- three connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain externally. * Dura mater * Arachnoid mater * Pia mater
Meninges
64
What type of meninges is this? | _____- superficial layer, consists of two layers of fibrous CT
Dura mater
65
What type of meninges is this? _____- superficial layer, consists of two layers of fibrous CT *Two layers are fused except for areas where they are separated to enclose dural sinuses
Dura mater
66
Dura mater; | ____- inner extensions that secure and limit the movement of the brain
Dural septa
67
Dura mater; _____-extends into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres, anchors to the crista Galli and internal occipital crest.
Falx cerebri
68
Dura mater | ___-extends into the transverse fissure separating the cerebrum and cerebellum.
Tentorium cerebelli
69
What type of meninges is this? | _____- loose middle layer
Arachnoid layer
70
Arachnoid layer; | _____ contains CSF and blood vessels
Subarachnoid space
71
Arachnoid layer; | ____- extend through dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus.
Arachnoid villi
72
What type of meninges is this? | _____- deepest, clings tightly to the brain following every sulcus.
Pia mater
73
_____- cavities within the brain the are filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Ventricles of the brain
74
Ventricles of the brain; | _____- C shaped cavities within the cerebrum
Right and left lateral ventricles
75
Right and left lateral ventricles | ____- thin membrane at midline separating the right and left lateral ventricles.
Septum pellucidum
76
Ventricles of the brain; | ____- formed by the medial walls of the thalamus
Third ventricle
77
Ventricles of the brain; | _____- connects third and the fourth ventricle runs through the midbrain.
Cerebral aqueduct
78
Ventricles of the brain; | _____- Inferior to the third and is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.
Fourth ventricle
79
_____- a fluid found in and around the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
80
``` Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Functions: ```
cushion brain and spinal cord, Transports nutrient and waste.
81
_____- a cluster of capillaries found on the roof of ventricles * Responsible for the formation of CSF - --Ependymal cells selectively transport material between the blood and CSF
Choroid plexus
82
____ contains ascending (sensory info) and descending tracts (motor info) of the CNS Integrates & processes information (functional independence)
Spinal cord function
83
____- From the foramen magnum to L1/L2 through the vertebral foramen
Structure of spinal cord
84
_____- expanded superior end of the spinal cord is larger because there are numerous nevers going to/from the upper limbs.
Cervical enlargement
85
_____- the Expanded inferior end is larger because there are numerous nerves supplying the lower extremities.
Lumbar enlargement
86
_____- Cone-shaped tapered end of the spinal cord located at the level of the L1/L2 vertebrae.
Conus medullaris
87
____- meninges extending inferior from conus to anchor spinal cord to the coccyx.
Filum terminale
88
_____- Lower lumbar & sacral spinal nerves travel inferior past the conus through vertebral foramen before exiting the spinal column
Cauda equina "Horse tail"
89
Types of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord.
``` Anterior median fissure Posterior median sulcus White matter Tract nerves gray matter dorsal horns ventral horns Lateral horns ```
90
What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this? ____- deep crease along the ventral surface
Anterior median fissure
91
What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this? ____- shallow groove along the dorsal surface
Posterior median sulcus
92
What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this? ____- Contains myelinated axons located superficial to gray matter
White matter
93
What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this? ____- axons in the CNS
Tract
94
What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this? ____- bundles of axons in the PNS
Nerves
95
What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this? ____- non-myelinated (cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals)
Gray matter
96
What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this? ___-Contains sensory axon terminals and interneurons
Dorsal horns
97
What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this? _____- contains somatic motor neuron cell bodies
Ventral horns
98
What type of Histology of a transverse section of the spinal cord is this? ______- contains preganglionic autonomic motor neuron soma
lateral horns
99
Spinal roots types :
Dorsal root | Ventral root
100
____-contains axons of sensory neurons entering the spinal cord (afferent fibers)
Dorsal root
101
____- contains axons of motor neurons leaving the spinal cord
Ventral root
102
_____- outer region, tracts traveling up or down the spinal cord
White matter
103
____-axons carrying sensory info to the brain
Ascending tracts
104
____- contains major ascending tracts carrying the somatosensory information *Located medial to the posterior gray horn
Dorsal white columns
105
_____-axons carrying motor commands from the brain to the periphery
Descending tracts
106
______- contains the major descending tracts that regulate the motor neurons of the ventral gray horn.
Anterior & lateral white columns

Introduction to nervous system (6 decks)

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