Endocrine System

Question 1

____-Ductless glands that secrete hormones

Answer 1

Endocrine gland

Question 2

_____- chemical messages that travel through the blood to regulate target cells.  Target cells must have specific receptors to which the hormone binds  These receptors may be intracellular or located on the plasma membrane  They trigger a change - the changes that occur in the cell after hormone binding is typically one or more of the following: o Alter plasma membrane permeability o Synthesis of proteins o Activate or inactivate enzymes o Stimulate cell division (mitosis)

Answer 2

Hormones

Question 3

____- Secretes releasing hormones that control the activity of the anterior pituitary gland. Examples: thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH),  Produces ADH and oxytocin that are released from posterior pituitary gland Controls sympathetic output to the adrenal medulla

Answer 3

Hypothalamus

Question 4

_____- hangs by a stalk from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus. It contains two functional lobes: anterior pituitary made of glandular tissue and the posterior pituitary made of nervous tissue.

Answer 4

Pituitary gland

Question 5

Pituitary gland;
____-– nervous tissue o Hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by neural tissue o Nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that are transported to the posterior pituitary where they are stored and released:
*Oxytocin
*Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 5

Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

Question 6

Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis):

______- causes uterine contractions during child birth and milk ejection reflex during nursing

Answer 6

Oxytocin

Question 7

Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis):

_____- stimulates reabsorption of water in the kidneys leading to reduced urine volume

Answer 7

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 8

______- glandular tissue  Connected to the hypothalamus by the hypophyseal portal system – capillary beds

Answer 8

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Question 9

______-produced by the anterior pituitary to stimulate growth of another gland and regulate the release of hormones from other endocrine glands.

Answer 9

Tropic hormones

Question 10

Tropic hormones:
\_\_\_\_ hormone (TSH) – targets thyroid gland to produce hormones    Release stimulated by the hormone TRH from the hypothalamus

Answer 10

Thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 11

Tropic hormones
_______hormone (ACTH) – stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids  Release stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus

Answer 11

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 12

Tropic hormones 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hormone (FSH)- Females - stimulates egg maturation and estrogen production, Males – stimulates sperm development   Release stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus

Answer 12

Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 13

Tropic hormones 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hormone (LH)- Females – stimulates ovulation and progesterone production, Males – stimulates testes to produce testosterone   Release stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus

Answer 13

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 14

Tropic hormones
 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hormone (GH) - stimulates cell growth and division in skeletal muscle and bone, stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF).   Release stimulated by GHRH from the hypothalamus

Answer 14

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 15

Tropic hormones
_________ (PRL) – stimulates growth of the mammary gland and milk production.  Release stimulated by Estrogen from the ovaries

Answer 15

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 16

_____-butterfly shaped gland located in the anterior cervical region.  Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)- Increases cell metabolism, o Important in normal tissue growth o Produced by follicular cells o Release stimulated by TSH from the anterior pituitary

Answer 16

Thyroid gland

Question 17

______– Decreases blood calcium levels o Stimulates osteoblasts, inhibits osteoclast o Produced by C cells of the thyroid gland (a.k.a. parafollicular cells) o Release stimulated by high calcium levels (hypercalcemia)

Answer 17

Calcitonin

Question 18

_________________ gland- tiny masses found on the posterior side of the thyroid
 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by chief cells (a.k.a principal cells) in response to low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia).
 Stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone, stimulates activation of vitamin D leading to increased absorption of Ca2+ in digestive tract, stimulates reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys.

Answer 18

Parathyroid gland

Question 19

_________________ glands - paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop the kidneys, Structurally and functionally, they are two glands in one (adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex)
 Adrenal medulla – located in the center of the gland
o Nervous tissue that acts as part of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 19

Adrenal glands

Question 20

Adrenal gland
Produces 16)__________________________(adrenaline) and norepinephrine o Release stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Answer 20

epinephrine

Question 21

_____- glandular tissue, outer layer, synthesizes and releases steroid hormones

Answer 21

Adrenal cortex

Question 22

Three zones of the adrenal cortex:

Answer 22

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

Question 23

What zone of the adrenal cortex is this?
____- superficial layer, deep to the capsule. Produces mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone) – reabsorption of sodium, secretion of potassium.

Answer 23

Zona glomerulosa

Question 24

What zone of the adrenal cortex is this?
_____-middle layer. Produces __________ (chiefly cortisol) long term stress response increases blood glucose levels by stimulating synthesis of glucose from protein, increases appetite, suppresses the immune system decreasing inflammation.
 Release stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary

Answer 24

Zona fasciculata

*Glucocorticoid

Question 25

______-deepest layer  Produces gonadocorticoids including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) an androgen (hormone that binds to the same receptor as testosterone) to stimulate maturation of hair follicles in women during puberty.

Answer 25

Zona reticularis

Question 26

__________– organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland

Answer 26

Pancreas

Question 27

_________ cells – exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes that are secreted into the duodenum

Answer 27

Acinar cells

Question 28

Acinar cells: The endocrine cells are organized into the islets of Langerhans: o Alpha (α) cells – produce the hormone __________- that triggers the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, thus increases blood glucose levels o Release stimulated by low blood glucose (hypoglycemia)

Answer 28

Glucagon

Question 29

Acinar cells - produce the hormone ______________- that increases the uptake of glucose into the cells, thus decreases blood glucose levels o Release stimulated by high blood glucose (hyperglycemia)

Answer 29

Insulin

Question 30

_____- is found in the diencephalon of the brain produces the hormone Melatonin that regulates sleep / wake cycles  Release stimulated by the hypothalamus during dark hours

Answer 30

Pineal gland

Question 31

________ – located in the upper thoracic cavity over the heart produces the hormone Thymosin that regulates maturation of T-lymphocytes

Answer 31

Thymus

Question 32

Gonads In women are called the ________- located in the pelvic cavity produces the steroid sex hormones: ____ – stimulates secondary sex characteristics at puberty, plays role in regulating ovarian and uterine cycles _______ – works with estrogen to maintain uterine cycle

Answer 32

Ovaries * Estrogen * Progesterone

Question 33

Gonads: In men are called the 25)___________________- located in the scrotum produces the steroid sex hormone ________ that stimulates spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics at puberty

Answer 33

Testes | *Testosterone