Introduction to nervous system Flashcards by Yuri Diaz

Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

There are 3

A

Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

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Q

What type functions of the nervous system is this? _____- Monitoring stimuli occurring inside and outside the body.

A

Sensory input

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Q

What type functions of the nervous system is this?

____- Processing of sensory input and formulation of motor commands.

A

Integration

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Q

What type functions of the nervous system is this?

____- Response to stimuli by activating effector organs.

A

Motor output

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Q

What is the organization of the nervous system?

The are 2

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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Q

Define the reflexes?

A

predictable rapid response to a stimulus

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Q

What are the components of reflex?

There are 5

A

Receptor 
Sensory neuron 
Control center 
Motor neuron
Effector

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Q

What type of component of reflex is this?

_____- detect stimulus

A

Receptor

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Q

What type of component of reflex is this?

______- Relays info to CNS (Afferent pathway)

A

Sensory neuron

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Q

What type of component of reflex is this?

_____- Region of the CNS that processes sensory information and sends motor commands

A

Control center

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Q

What type of component of reflex is this?

_____- Carries motor commands away from the CNS to the effector ( Efferent pathway )

A

Motor neuron

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Q

What type of component of reflex is this?

_____-Muscle or gland that responds to motror commands by producing the response

A

Effector

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Q

What are the divisions of PNS?
There are 5
Mnemonic device:
Alidio 
Says 
value 
sound 
excellent

A

Afferent fibers (sensory) division 
Somatic afferent fibers
Visceral afferent fibers
Special sensory afferent fibers 
Efferent  ( motor) division

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Q

What type of divisions of PNS is this?
____- Carry info from receptors to the CNS
-Alidio

A

Afferent fibers (sensory) division

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Q

What type of divisions of PNS is this?
____- Carries impulses from skin, skeletal muscle and joints
-says

A

Somatic afferent fibers

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Q

What type of divisions of PNS is this?
____- Carries impulses from organ within ventral body cavities
-value

A

Visceral afferent fibers

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Q

What type of divisions of PNS is this?
_____- Carries impulses from nose eye tongue and ear.
-sounds

A

Special sensory afferent fibers

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Q

What type of divisions of PNS is this?
_____- Motor neurons carry commands away from CNS
-excellent

A

Efferent (motor) division

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Q

Categorized by what effectors is controlled:

There is 2

A

Somatic efferent fibers

Autonomic efferent fibers

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Q

What type is Categorized by what effectors is controlled:

______-Control voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

A

Somatic efferent fibers

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Q

What type is Categorized by what effectors is controlled:

________-Control involuntary cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

A

Autonomic efferent fibers

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Q

Further subdivided into two divisions by the location they emerge from the CNS and function:
There are 2

A

Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic division

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Q

What are the structure of a typical neuron:

There are 7

A

Soma
Dendrites
Axon hillock
Axon
Axolemma 
Myelin
Axon terminale

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Q

What structure of a typical neuron is this?

_____- Contains nucleus and organelles

A

Soma ( Cell body or perikaryon)

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What structure of a typical neuron is this? | _____- Branching extensions that contain receptors to detect neurotransmitters from other neurons.

Dendrites

What structure of a typical neuron is this? | ______- Where the cell body tapers into the axon, site where the action potential originates.

Axon Hillock

What structure of a typical neuron is this? | ______- Single long process, transmits action potential away from soma

Axon

What structure of a typical neuron is this? | ______- Plasma membrane of an axon

Axolemma

What structure of a typical neuron is this? _____- insulation formed by glial cells wrapping around the axon 1) Nodes of Ranvier 2) Internodes

Myelin sheath

______ gaps in the myelin sheath

Nodes of Ranvier

_______ Segments of myelin

Internodes

What structure of a typical neuron is this? ______- enlarged distal ends of an axon that contain secretory vesicles filled with neurotransmitters (Synaptic vesicles)

Axon terminale

What are the different types of Functional Classification of Neurons?

Sensory (afferent) neurons Interneurons Motor (efferent) neurons

What type of Functional Classification of Neurons is this? | _____- Carry sensory information from the sensory receptor to CNS

Sensory ( afferent) neurons

What type of Functional Classification of Neurons is this? | _____- (association) between sensory and motor neurons, only in CNS.

Interneurons

What type of Functional Classification of Neurons is this? | _____-carry commands from CNS to effector organs

Motor (efferent) neurons

What are the structural classification of neurons? | There are 3

Multipolar neurons Unipolar neuron Bipolar neuron

What type of structural classification of neurons is this? | ______-Multiple processes branching off the cell body, numerous dendrites and one axon.

Multipolar neuron

What type of structural classification of neurons is this? ______- appear to have one extension off the extension off the cell body. This extension branches forming a long axon with dendrites on one end and axon terminal on the opposite end.

Unipolar neuron | "pseudounipolar" - are called in humans

What type of structural classification of neurons is this? ______- Two extensions from cell body, one dendrite & one axon. Found in special sense organs. * Examples: Afferent neurons in the pathways for the special senses vision, hearing, and smell. Bipolar cells of the retina receives visual information from photoreceptors. Bipolar cells of the spiral ganglion in the cochlea receive auditory information from auditory hair cells. Olfactory receptor neurons in the superior nasal cavity detect odorants.

Bipolar neuron

______- cells that surrounds and support neurons

Neuroglia (glia)

Types of neuroglial cells of the CNS: Mneumonic device All Of My Elephants

Astrocytes cells Oligodendrocytes cells Microglia cells ependymal cells

What type of neuroglial cells of the CNS is this? | ____- Star shaped, processes cling to neurons and capillaries.

Astrocytes cells

Astrocytes cells | _____- Anchor neurons to surrounding tissues and capillaries.

Provide structural support

Astrocytes cells | _____- Feet wrap around capillaries and controls uptake of selected materials from the blood.

Maintain blood brain barrier

Astrocytes cells | _____- Recaptures released neurotransmitters and leaked ions.

Adjust interstitial environment

Astrocytes cells | _____- Directs growth of neurons and synapse formation.

Guides neuron development

What type of neuroglial cells of the CNS is this? _____- wrap cytoplasmic processes around the axons of neurons *Forms a white fatty insulation material called a myelin sheath

Oligodendrocytes cells

What type of neuroglial cells of the CNS is this? _______- oval cells with long thorny processes *Removes cellular debris and pathogens

Microglia cells

What type of neuroglial cells of the CNS is this? _____- Ciliated cells, line cambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid *Monitor and maiintain the composition o CSF *Assit in the circulation of CSF

Ependymal cells

Types of Neuroglial cells in the PNS;

Schwann cells and | Satellite cells

What type of neuroglial cells in the PNS is this? _____- Surrounds and protects axons in the PNS *Forms myelin sheath around some axon of PNS * ____- an outer layer that contains Schwann cell cytoplasm.

Schwann cells

What type of neuroglial cells in the PNS is this? | _____- Surrounds cell bodies of neurons a. Isolates the cell body and regulates the exchange of nutrients and waste.

Satellite cells

The first step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system _____- separation of charge across the plasma membrane measured in volts.

Membrane potential

The second step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system ________- Membrane potential at rest when the cell is not receiving information in the form of graded potential or sending out information as an action potential. Resting potential is typically around -70 mV.

Resting membrane potential

The Third step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system _______- higher {Na+} outside cell higher {k+} inside cell

Chemical gradients

The fourth step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system ______- The membrane potential becomes less negative *When neurons are stimulated Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the cells.

Depolarization

The fifth step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system ______- a localized change in membrane potential that is short-lived and dissipates as it travels. *Can be stimulated by neurotransmitter binding to ligand-gated channels, mechanical stress, or temperature change.

Graded potential

The six-step for how information is transmitted through the nervous system ______- Electrical impulse producing a brief reversal of the membrane potential that travels down the entire length of the axon from the axon hillock to the axon terminals. *Rising (depolarization) phase of the action potential *Falling (Repolarization) phase of the action potential

Action potential

Action potential ________; Na+ rushes in through volatage gated Na+ channels *Threshold potential: V-gate Na+ channels open at membrane potential of -55 mV

Rising (depolarization) phase of the action potential.

Action potential | ______: K+ rushes out through voltage gate K+ channels

Falling ( Repolarization) phase of the action potential

What are the structure and functions of the synapse?

Function: Synapse ``` Structure: Presynaptic neuron -Axon Terminals Synaptic cleft Post synaptic cell (neuron, muscle, gland, ect). ```

What is the function of the synapse? | _____- the junction between two neurons or a neuron and muscles

Synapse

What are the structure and functions of the synapse? ______- transmits impulse towards the synapse. * Axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron release neurotransmitters

Presynaptic neuron

______- Fluid-filled space where neurotransmitter is released

Synaptic cleft

______- receives information from the presynaptic neurons.

Postsynaptic cell ( neuron, muscle, gland, ect)