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Anatomy & Physiology 207 > Central Nervous System Part III Study Guide > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Part III Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Concussion

A

temporary alteration in brain function – typically following a blow to the head; repeated concussions can cause cumulative damage

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2
Q

Contusion

A

permanent damage caused by bruising of the brain

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3
Q

Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhages

A

ruptured blood vessels bleed into these available spaces; pressure from the blood may compress the brain and cause sudden, neurological decline

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4
Q

Cerebral edema

A

swelling of the brain associated with traumatic head injury

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5
Q

ischemia

A

Any tissue deprived of blood supply - can lead to tissue death (most CVAs are ischemic)
- Ischemia of brain tissue can be caused by blockage of a cerebral artery by a blood clot

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6
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side of the body often caused by CVA - sensory and speech deficits may also occur

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7
Q

CVA (cerebral vascular accident)

A

stroke, most occur when blood vessels are blocked by blood clots which raises blood pressure (most are ischemic)

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8
Q

How do CVAs cause hemiplegia?

A

a disruption in the transmission of neural impulses between the brain and the muscles

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9
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemia attacks: temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia; often a warning sign of a larger CVA

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10
Q

TPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator: the most effective treatment for an acute stroke

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11
Q

Define Alzheimer’s Disease. What are some symptoms?

A
  • Alzheimer’s: progressive, degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia
  • Symptoms: memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, eventual language loss, irritability, moodiness, confusion, and hallucinations
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12
Q

2 potential anatomical structures associated with Alzheimer’s Disease that cause neuronal death

A
  • Plaques of beta-amygdaloid peptides form in the brain between the neurons
  • Neurofibrillary tangles: formed from the protein tau inside the neurons; tangles interfere with the neuron’s transport mechanisms and eventually kill the neurons (brain shrinks as neurons die)
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13
Q

Parkinson Disease

A

Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra

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14
Q

Parkinson symptoms

A

tremors, stooped posture, masked face, back rigidity, forward tilt of trunk, reduced arm swing, slightly flexed hip and knees, shuffling, short stepped gait, tremors in legs, flexed elbows and wrists

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15
Q

parkinson potential cause

A

mitochondrial abnormalities or protein degradation pathways

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16
Q

parkinson treatment

A

L-dopa (a dopamine precursor), deep brain stimulation, and gene therapy

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17
Q

huntington’s symptoms

A

wild, jerky, flapping like movements, followed by mental deterioration
- “Chorea”: excessive, writing movements, greek for dance

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17
Q

Define Huntington Disease. What causes it?

A

Fatal hereditary disorder caused by the accumulation of the protein huntingtin in brain cells – leads to degeneration of basal nuclei and the cerebral cortex

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18
Q

huntingtons potential treatment

A

drugs that block the effect of dopamine – stem cell implant research is promising

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18
Q

2 functions the spinal cord provides

A
  • Provides 2 way communication between the brain and body
  • Acts as a major reflex center – reflexes are initiated and completed at the spinal cord
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18
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin? Where does it end?

A

begins at the foramen magnum – ends at the L1L2 vertebra

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19
Q

How is the spinal cord protected?

A

By bone, meninges, and CSF

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20
Q

What can you find in the epidural space

A

Cushion of fat and a network of veins in the space between vertebrae and the spinal dura mater

20
Q

What can you find in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

21
Q

Conus medullaris

A

cone shaped structure where the spinal cord terminates

22
Q

Filum terminale

A

a fibrous extension of the conus medullaris covered with pia mater. It extends to the coccyx and anchors the spinal cord

23
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

extensions of pia mater that secure the spinal cord to the dura mater

24
Q

central canal

A

runs the length of the spinal cord – it is filled with CSF and continuous with the brain’s 4th ventricle

24
Q

Cauda equina

A

collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal

25
Q

Ventral (Anterior) Median Fissure
Dorsal (Posterior) Median Sulcus

A

2 lengthwise grooves that run the length of the spinal cord and partially divide it into right and left halves

26
Q

Why are there cervical and lumbar enlargements in the spinal cord?

A

Areas of the spinal cord where the nerves servicing the upper and lower limbs arise

27
Q

The spinal cord’s central canal is filled with CSF, and it is continuous with the _____________________.

A

brain’s 4th ventricle.

28
Q

dorsal horns

A

interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory inputs

28
Q

3 gray columns of the spinal cord

A
  • dorsal horns
  • ventral horns
  • lateral horns
29
Q

ventral horns

A

some interneurons, mostly somatic motor neurons

30
Q

gray commissure

A

Bridge of gray matter that connects the masses of gray matter on either side of the central canal

30
Q

lateral horns

A

only exist in thoracic and superior regions; autonomic (sympathetic) neurons that innervate the visceral organs

31
Q

Dorsal roots

A

sensory inputs into the dorsal spinal cord

32
Q

spinal nerves

A

formed by the fusion of the dorsal and ventral roots

32
Q

ventral roots

A

bundle of motor neuron axons that exit the ventral spinal cord

33
Q

What are the 3 white funiculi of the spinal cord? What makes white matter white?

A
  • Dorsal, ventral, and lateral funiculus
  • Myelin
34
Q

What type of communication is happening with each direction of white fiber tract?

A
  • Ascending: up to the higher centers (sensory inputs)
  • Descending: from the brain to the spinal cord or to the lower cord levels (motor outputs)
  • Transverse: from 1 side of the spinal cord ro the other (commissural fibers)
35
Q

The spinal cord is particularly sensitive to _______________.

A

direct pressure

36
Q

Paresthesia

A

loss of sensory function; caused by damage to the dorsal roots or sensory tracts

37
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

severe damage to the ventral root or ventral horn cells
- Impulses do not reach skeletal muscles
- There is no voluntary or involuntary control of the muscles
- Muscles atrophy secondary to disuse

37
Q

Paralysis

A

loss of motor function ; caused by damage to the ventral roots or ventral horn cells

38
Q

Spastic paralysis

A

damage to the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex or their axons in the spinal cord
- Spinal motor neurons remain intact; muscles are stimulated by reflexes
- There is no voluntary control of muscles; only reflex
- Muscles often shorten permanently (muscle contracture)

39
Q

Paraplegia

A

transection of the spinal cord between T1 and L1 (paralysis of legs/lower body)

40
Q

Quadriplegia

A

transection of the spinal cord in the cervical region (paralysis of all 4 limbs)

41
Q

poliomyelitis

A

An epidemic in the late 1940s and 50s (vaccine invented in the 50s)

42
Q

cause of poliomyelitis

A

destruction of the ventral horn motor neurons by poliovirus

43
Q

symptoms of poliomyelitis

A

fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, and loss of certain somatic reflexes
- Muscles atrophy because of paralysis
- Death can occur from paralysis of respiratory muscles or cardiac arrest
- As a results of progressive neuron loss, survivors often develop post polio syndrome years later

44
Q

ALS

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also called /lou Gehrig’s disease) - destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and the fibers of the pyramidal tracts

45
Q

symptoms of ALS

A

loss of abilities to speak, swallow, and breathe

46
Q

cause of ALS

A

interaction of environmental factors and genetic mutations involving RNA processing

47
Q

potential treatment of ALS

A

a drug that interferes with glutamate signaling called riluzole – glutamate is a neurotransmitter indicated as a potential cause of neuron death in a couple different conditions

Anatomy & Physiology 207 (44 decks)

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