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Anatomy & Physiology 207 > Muscles and Muscle Tissue Study Guide > Flashcards

Muscles and Muscle Tissue Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

muscle tissue transforms __ into __

A
  1. ATP (chemical) energy
  2. directed mechanical energy
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2
Q

3 types of muscle tissue in the human body

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
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3
Q

striated muscle types

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
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4
Q

function of skeletal muscle tissue

A

packaged into skeletal muscles; organs that are attached to bones and skin, longest fibers, contract rapidly/powerfully but tire easily, very adaptable

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5
Q

function of cardiac muscle tissue

A

found only in the heart, makes up the bulk of the heart walls

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6
Q

function of smooth muscle tissue

A

walls of hollow visceral organs (kidneys, urinary bladder, respiratory airways), forces fluids/other substances through internal body cavities, forms valves, dilates/constricts

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7
Q

voluntary vs involuntary muscle types

A

smooth: involuntarily controlled
cardiac: involuntarily controlled (nervous system can alter it tho)
skeletal: voluntarily controlled

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8
Q

four characteristics of all muscle tissue

A
  1. Excitability (responsiveness): ability to receive/respond to stimuli by changing its membrane potential
  2. Contractibility: ability to forcibly shorten when stimulated
  3. Extensibility: ability to stretch or extend - even 4. beyond resting length
  4. Elasticity: ability to recoil to resting length
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9
Q

4 functions of muscle tissue

A
  1. Produce movement
    - Locomotion and manipulation
    - Contraction of the heart
    - Blood vessel dilation/constriction
    - Movement of all fluids/substances through tracts
  2. Maintain posture and body position
  3. Stabilize joints
  4. Generate heat
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10
Q

3 things skeletal muscles require in order to contract

A

oxygen, nutrients, quick removal of waste

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11
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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12
Q

where does O2 and C6H12O6 come from in cellular respiration?

A

o2: the atmosphere
C6H12O6 (glucose): our bodies; eating food that gives us energy

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13
Q

what happens to the CO2 and H2O created in cellular respiration?

A

released as waste

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14
Q

epimysium

A

most external; dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle; may blend with fascia

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15
Q

perimysium

A

fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles (groups of muscle fibers)

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16
Q

endomysium

A

most internal; fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

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17
Q

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium: what do these structures join together to become?

A

connective tissue sheath (that becomes the tendons that join muscles to bones)

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18
Q

define origin and insertion

A
  • Origin: immoveable/less moveable bone
  • Insertion: the moveable bone
  • Example: biceps brachii – origin: scapula – insertion: radius
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19
Q

A tendon is an example of what type of attachment?

A

Indirect (connective tissue wrappings extend beyond muscle, more common)

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20
Q

What is the other type of attachment? Name a muscle that attaches this way.

A

Direct (fleshy): temporalis muscle of the head

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21
Q

What shape is a muscle cell?

A

long cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei

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22
Q

What are two cellular organelles that a muscle cell would have multiple of?

A

Glycosomes and mitochondria

23
Q

Define sarcolemma.

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

24
Q

Define sarcoplasm.

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

25
Q

What are glycosomes?

A

Organelles in the sarcoplasm; granules of stored glycogen

26
Q

Define myoglobin.

A

Red pigment that stores oxygen found in the sarcoplasm

27
Q

What are myofibrils? How many might you find in a single muscle cell?

A

Densely packed, rod-like elements, can be 1000s in a single muscle fiber (80% of muscle cell volume)
- Myofibrils are chains of sarcomeres .

28
Q

What bands make up the dark region of a sarcomere? How about the light region?

A

Dark regions: A bands (with h zone and m line)
Light regions: I bands (with z discs)

29
Q

Why is the H Zone a lighter region within the dark region?

A

There are only thick myosin filaments here, the thin actin filaments do not overlap with the thick ones as far as the h zone

30
Q

Is actin the thin filament or the thick filament? What about myosin?

A

Actin: thin filament
Myosin: thick filament

31
Q

What are polypeptide chains

A

string of amino acids connected together with peptide bonds

32
Q

What types of polypeptide chains make up the thick filament? Within the thick filament, where can you find each type of polypeptide chain?

A

Thick filament: 2 heavy and 4 light polypeptide chains
- Heavy chains: intertwine to form myosin tail
- Light chains: form globular myosin heads

33
Q

What is the function of the myosin head?

A

During contraction, myosin heads link thick and thin filaments together forming cross bridges

34
Q

Define G (Globular) Actin. What is its function?

A

Kidney shaped, polypeptide subunits of actin. They bear the sites for myosin head attachment during cross bridge formation, they link together to form long fibrous f actin

35
Q

Define F (Fibrous) Actin. What is its function?

A

Strands of g actin that twist together to form a thin filament

36
Q

List the 2 regulatory proteins bound to actin. What are each of their specific functions?

A

Tropomyosin: rod-shaped protein, spiral about the actin core and block myosin binding sites
Troponin: globular protein, able to bind to 1-actin, 2-tropomyosin, 3-calcium (elevated troponin can lead to a heart attack)

37
Q

What role does the protein elastin play? How about dystrophin?

A

(elastic filament): composed of protein titin, holds thick filaments in place, helps to resist excessive stretch and assists with recoil
dystrophin: structural protein that links the thin filaments to the integral proteins of the sarcolemma

38
Q

Broadly, what are muscular dystrophies

A

muscle-destroying diseases that generally appear during childhood

39
Q

What are some specific symptoms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

A

clumsiness, frequent falls, muscle weakness, trouble walking quickly

40
Q

What protein is impaired in DMD? What does impairment of this protein cause in terms of muscle function? How are scientists attempting to cure this?

A
  • Impairment causes: sarcolemma tears easily and allows entry of calcium, excess of calcium damages contractile fibers and cause inflammation, regenerative capacity is lost resulting in increased apoptosis of muscle cells and loss of overall muscle mass
  • Scientists are attempting to cute DMD with gene editing science
41
Q

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum tubules surrounding each myofibril

42
Q

function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores and releases calcium on demand
Functions in regulation of intracellular calcium levels
Most tubules run longitudinally
Have terminal cisterns

43
Q

What is a terminal cistern? Where can you find them?

A

SR tubules that form perpendicular cross channels at the A-I band junction; always occur in pairs (where A-I bands join in the sarcoplasmic reticulum)

44
Q

What is a T-Tubule?

A

tube formed by protrusion of the sarcolemma deep into the cell’s interior - pass from 1 myofibril to the next

45
Q

where can you find t tubules

A

occur at a-i band junction - between terminal cisterns

46
Q

are are the t tubules function

A

continuous with extracellular space, which increases the muscle fiber’s surface area, t-tubules also allow electrical nerve transmissions to reach deep into the interior of each muscle fiber and trigger the release of calcium, work to ensure that every myofibril in the muscle fiber contracts simultaneously

47
Q

triad

A

the 2 terminal cisterns and the T-Tubule together

48
Q

Protruding proteins from the T-Tubules act as what type of sensors?

A

Voltage sensors – change shape in response to an electrical current

49
Q

Protruding proteins from the SR act as what type of sensors?

A

Protruding proteins from the SR form gates channels through which calcium can be released

50
Q

What happens when an electrical impulse passes through the triad?

A

T-tubule proteins change shape, SR proteins change shape, and calcium is released into the cytoplasm

51
Q

Contraction is generation of ___ by activation of myosin’s ______.

A
  • force
  • cross bridges
52
Q

Which myofilament slides in the sliding filament model? Do actin and myosin change their individual lengths? If not, how does the sarcomere change length?

A

Thin filaments slide past thick filaments - actin and myosin overlap more
Actin and myosin do not change their lengths
Cross bridge attachments form and break several times, each time pulling the thin filaments a little closer towards the center of the sarcomere

53
Q

what changes you can expect in a sarcomere when it shortens

A

Z discs are pulled toward the m line
I bands shorten
H zones disappear
A bands move closer together

Anatomy & Physiology 207 (44 decks)

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