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Anatomy & Physiology 207 > The Cell & Cell Cycle > Flashcards

The Cell & Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • no ribosomes
  • synthesizes lipids, cholesterol, and steroid based hormones
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2
Q

Rough ER

A
  • surface is rough with ribosomes
  • synthesizes proteins that will be secreted from the cell
  • synthesizes plasma membrane proteins and phospholipids
  • final protein produces are enclosed in vesicle and go to golgi apparatus for processing
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3
Q

Extracellular material

A

substance found outside the cell
- extracellular fluid
- cellular secretions
- extracellular matrix

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4
Q

Extra cellular fluid

A
  • interstitial fluid: bathes cells
  • blood plasma: fluid of blood
  • cerebrospinal fluid - surrounds nervous system
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5
Q

Cellular secretions

A

extracellular material:
- gastric juice, mucus, saliva

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6
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipids
  • cholesterol
  • peripheral proteins
  • integral proteins
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7
Q

The cell theory

A
  • all cells come from pre existing cells
  • the cell = basic unit of life
  • all organisms are made of cells
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8
Q

extracellular matrix

A

substance that acts as glue to hold substances together

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9
Q

3 basic parts of human cell

A
  • nucleus: control center, contains DNA
  • plasma membrane: flexible outer-boundary
  • cytoplasm: intracellular fluid, contains cell organelles
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10
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • cell membrane
  • active barrier between intra/extracellular
  • consists of membrane lipids that form a flexible bilayer
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11
Q

fluid mosaic

A

specialized membrane proteins float through the fluid membrane

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12
Q

Chromatin

A
  • 30% strands of DNA
  • 60% histone proteins
  • 10% RNA
  • arranged in units called nucleosomes; DNA wrapped around histones
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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

condensed and well packaged form of chromatin
* condensed state protects fragile chromatin threads during cell division

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14
Q

Nucleoli

A
  • Dark staining spherical bodies within nucleus
  • involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly
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15
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • encloses the nucleus
  • covered in nuclear pores that allow substances in/out of the nucleus
  • outer layer is continuous w rough ER
  • inner layer is called nuclear lamina; proteins that maintain the nuclear shape and acts as scaffolding for DNA
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16
Q

Nucleus

A
  • control center, biggest organelle
  • contains blueprints for synthesizing nearly al cellular proteins
  • red blood cells don’t have nucleus
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17
Q

Cellular extensions

A
  • cilia(many) & flagella(1; tail-like): help cell to move
  • microvilli: suck things up
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18
Q

Centrioles

A
  • barrel shaped microtubular organelles - lie at right angles to each other
  • form basis of cilia and flagella
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19
Q

Centrosomes

A
  • cell center located near nucleus
  • microtubule organizing centers - consist of granular matrix + centrioles
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20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of rods that run through ctyosol
- 3 types
* microfilaments (strands of actin)
* intermediate filaments (ropes of tetramer)
* microtubules (tubes of tubulin)
- plays role in moving cell’s components (acts as ligaments, bones and muscles)
- motor proteins: powered by ATP, uses uses microtubules as tracks to move cargo on

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21
Q

Endomembrane system

A
  • consists of ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, nuclear and plasma membranes
  • work to produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules
  • degrade potentially harmful substances
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22
Q

Clinical connection: Tay Sachs disease

A
  • happens when a person lacks the lysosomal enzyme needed to break down glycolipids in brain cells
  • glycolipids build up in the developing brain + interfere w nervous system function
  • seizures, intellectual disability, blindness, and death before age 5
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23
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • cleaning crew (think Lysol)
  • spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolasis)
  • digest bacteria, viruses, toxins
  • degrade nonfuntional organelles
  • breakdown and release glycogen and Ca2+
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24
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • detoxify substances in the cell
  • think PEROXIDE (for cleaning wounds)
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25
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • cell post office
  • modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER (in 3 steps)
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26
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • in rough ER
  • made of protein + ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
    two types:
  • free ribosomes: free-floating sites of synthesis for soluble proteins that function in cytosol /other organelles
  • Membrane-bound ribosomes: attached to membrane of ER, sites of synthesis for proteins incorporated into membranes and lysosomes or exported from the cell
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27
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • power house of the cell
  • produces most of the cell’s energy (ATP)
  • energy is produced through aerobic cellular respiration
    Cellular respiration:
    C6H12O6+6O2 –> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
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28
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles

A

membranous:
- mitochondria
- endoplasmic reticulum
- golgi apparatus
- peroxisomes
- lysosomes

non-membranous
- ribosomes
- cytoskeleton
- centrioles

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29
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
    3 parts
  • cytosol: gel-like solution made of water and soluble molecules (proteins, salts, sugars)
  • Inclusions: insoluble molecules, vary with cell type (ex: glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals)
  • organelles: metabolic machinery structures of the cell (each w a specialized function and either membranous or non membranous)
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30
Q

phospolipids

A
  • phosphate heads: polar (charged) hydrophilic
  • fatty acid tails: nonpolar (uncharged) hydrophobic
31
Q

glycolipids

A

lipids w sugar groups on the outer membrane surface that identify the cell

32
Q

cholesterol

A

increases membrane stability
- too much is bad because it will make it too stiff

33
Q

integral proteins

A
  • integrated in plasma membrane, very important
  • function as transport proteins - channels and carriers- enzymes or receptors
34
Q

peripheral proteins

A
  • loosely attached to integral proteins
  • include filaments on intracellular surface used for plasma membrane support
35
Q

glycocalyx

A
  • made of sugars and sticking out of cell surface
  • some sugars attached to lipids (glycolipids) and some attached to proteins (glycoproteins)
  • the sugar coating functions for cell-to-cell recognition and allows the immune system to recognize self vs foe
  • organ rejection: when body recognizes glycoclayx as foreign
35
Q

Tight junctions

A

integral proteins on adjacent cells fuse to form impermeable junctions around whole cell
- fluid and molecules are prevented from moving in between the cells
- ex: lining of the digestive tract(we don’t want stomach acid to spread)

36
Q

desmosomes

A

rivet-like cell junctions formed when linker proteins from neighboring cells interlock - like velcro
- anchoring strength
- skin and heart muscle because they have a little give and make sense for moving and avoiding tearing

37
Q

gap junctions

A
  • allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
  • used to spread ions, simple sugars, and other molecules between cells
  • allows electrical signals to pass quickly from one cell to another
  • ex: cardiac and smooth muscle cells
38
Q

Passive processes

A

no energy required

39
Q

active processes

A

ATP (energy) required

40
Q

Passive transport

A
  • simple diffusion
  • active/facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
41
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules or ions from an area oh higher concentration to lower concentration
- molecules move down their concentration gradient

42
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in the concentrations

43
Q

simple diffusion

A
  • nonpolar, lipid soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer
44
Q

Facilitated (active) diffusion

A

hydrophobic molecules are transported passively by:
- carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion: substances bind to specific, transmembrane protein carriers
- channel-mediated facilitated diffusion: substances move through water-filled channels
* saturation: binding has to wait for an available carrier (like waiting for a train at the station)

45
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of a solvent (often water) across a selectively permeable membrane
- water diffuses either directly through plasma membranes or through specific water channels called aquaporins

46
Q

osmolarity

A

total concentration of all solute particles in a solution

47
Q

equillibrium

A

state of the same concentration of solute and water molecules on both sides - volume may or may not be equal

48
Q

isotonic solutions

A
  • has same osmolarity as inside cell so cell has normal volume
49
Q

hypertonic solution

A
  • has higher osmolarity than inside the cell, water flows out of the cells, so the cells shrink (salty)
50
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A
  • has lower osmolarity than inside the cell, water flows into the cells, cells swell - can lead to lysis (cells swelling and then bursting)
51
Q

Tonicity clinical connection

A

IV fluids like lactated ringers are isotonic so they can hydrate someone who is dehydrated

52
Q

antiporters

A

transport 1 substance into a cell and 1 different substance out of a cell

53
Q

symporters

A

transport 2 different substances in the same direction

54
Q

primary active transport

A

energy required comes directly from the hydrolysis (adding water to break something apart) of ATP by transport proteins called pumps
- ex: sodium potassium pump

55
Q

Secondary active transport

A

driven by energy stored in the concentration gradients of ions created by primary active transport
- these systems always move more than one substance at a time (symporters)
- the more we push out sodium the more it wants to come back in, and when it does it will bring sugar and other acids

56
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

sodium is pumped out of a cell while potassium is pumped back into the cell (agains their concentration gradients)

57
Q

Vesicular transport

A

transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across a membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles
- requires cellular energy
- 4 kinds
* endocytosis (transport into cell): phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
* exocytosis (transport out of the cell)
* transcytosis (transport into, across, and out of a cell
* vesicular trafficking: transport from 1 area organelle within a cell to another area

58
Q

interphase

A

cell grows and carries on its usual activites
- dna replication

59
Q

Mitotic phase

A

cell division

60
Q

mitosis

A

division of nucleus - duplicated DNA is evenly distributed to the new daughter cells
4 stages of mitosis:
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
pmat

61
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condenses and forms visible chromosomes
- each chromosome and its duplicate (sister chromatid) are held together by a centromere
- centrosomes push to opposite poles of the cell

62
Q

metaphase

A
  • two centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell
  • centromeres of the chromosomes are precisely aligned at the cell’s equator
  • metaphase plate: the imaginary plane midway between poles
63
Q

anaphase

A
  • shortest phase
  • centromeres of the chromosomes split simultaneously; each sister chromatid becomes a separate chromosome
  • chromosomes are pulled together towards their respective poles by the moto proteins of the kinetochores
64
Q

telophase

A
  • begins when chromosome movement stops
  • at opposite ends of the cell, each set of chromosomes uncoils to form chromatin
  • new nuclear membranes form around each chromatin mass; nucleoli reappear
  • spindles disappear
65
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • begins in late anaphase
  • ring of actin microfilaments contracts to form a cleavage furrow
  • two daughter cells are pinched apart
66
Q

autophagy

A

when cells eat themselves or parts of themselves in order to dispose of non functional organelles

67
Q

ubiquitin

A

unneeded or damaged proteins are marked for destruction by this protein
- proteasomes disassemble ubiquitin tagged proteins - component amino acids and ubiquitin are recycled

68
Q

apoptosis

A
  • programmed cell death
  • enzymes called caspases cause degradation of DNA and the cytoskeleton
69
Q

cell differentiation

A

the development of specific and distinctive features in cells

70
Q

hyperplasia

A

accelerated cell growth - increases cell numbers when needed

71
Q

atrophy

A

a decrease in size that results from loss of stimulation / lack of use

72
Q

telomeres

A

strings of nucleotides that protect the ends of chromosomes - like caps on show strings
- w each cellular division, the telomere shortens

73
Q

telomerase

A

the enzyme that lengthens telomeres - it is present in the germ cells of embryos, but absent in adult cells
- present in cancer cells and makes them immortal

Anatomy & Physiology 207 (44 decks)

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