Central vision pathways

Question 1

Main pathway for input to visual cortex is to this

Answer 1

Lateral geniculate nucleus (of thalamus)

Question 2

This describes the ventral two layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus
Receives input from M retinal ganglion cells
Movement (high temporal resolution)

Answer 2

Magnocellular

Question 3

This layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus functions in movement (high temporal resolution)

Answer 3

Magnocellular

Question 4

Magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus receive input from these cells

Answer 4

M retinal ganglion cells

Question 5

Parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus receive input from these cells

Answer 5

P retinal ganglion cells

Question 6

This describes the superior 4 layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus
Form and color (high spatial resolution)

Answer 6

Parvocellular

Question 7

These layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus function in form and color (high spatial resolution)

Answer 7

Parvocellular

Question 8

This layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus receives input from P retinal ganglion cells

Answer 8

Parvocellular

Question 9

Koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus receive input from these cells

Answer 9

K ganglion cells

Question 10

This layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus has a role in color vision, carrying input from short wavelength cones

Answer 10

Koniocellular pathway (interlaminar)

Question 11

Magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus carry information on this

Answer 11

Movement

Question 12

Parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus carry information on this

Answer 12

Form and color

Question 13

Koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus carry information on this

Answer 13

Color vision

Question 14

This target of projections of the retinal ganglion cells is heavily involved in saccadic eye movements

Answer 14

Superior colliculus

Question 15

Retinal ganglion cells also project directly to the superior colliculus and form a map of the contralateral or ipsilateral visual field?

Answer 15

contralateral

Question 16

Cells from the superior colliculus project through this to cerebral cortex forming an indirect pathway to the cortex from the retina
“Blindsight”

Answer 16

Pulvinar nucleus (of the thalamus)

Question 17

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located within the hypothalamus, at the base of this

Answer 17

Diencephalon

Question 18

Pretectum is located within this

Answer 18

Midbrain

Question 19

This structure is the initial component of the pupillary light reflex pathway

Answer 19

Pretectum

Question 20

Pretectum is the initial comnponent of this reflex pathway

Answer 20

Pupillary light reflex

Question 21

Do superior projections carry information about the superior or inferior visual field?

Answer 21

Inferior

Question 22

Are superior or inferior fibers of the optic radiation referred to as Meyer’s loop?

Answer 22

Inferior fibers
(carrying info about superior visual field)

Question 23

Inferior fibers of the optic radiation sweep around this structure

Answer 23

Lateral ventricle
(within the temporal lobe)

Question 24

Where do the inferior and superior fibers of the optic radiation end up on?

Answer 24

Inferior/superior banks of the calcarine sulcus (within the occipital lobe)

Question 25

Does the superior portion of calcarine sulcus have information on the superior or inferior visual field?

Answer 25

Inferior

Question 26

Macular sparing can occur in lesions to striate cortex (V1), due to these two reasons

Answer 26

1: large area of V1 dedicated to central vision 2: blood supply to foveal region involves PCA (majority) and MCA

Question 27

Blood supply to the fovea is mostly by this artery

Answer 27

PCA (MCA supplies a little)

Question 28

Lesions prior to the optic chiasm (retina or optic nerves) cause ipsilateral or contralateral monocular deficits?

Answer 28

always ipsilateral to lesion

Question 29

This term describes partial loss in visual field Can be hemi or quadrant

Answer 29

Scotoma

Question 30

This term describes total loss of vision

Answer 30

Anopia

Question 31

Monocular deficits (such as anopia and scotoma) are associated with lesions prior to this structure

Answer 31

Optic chiasm (e.g. retina or optic nerves)

Question 32

Binocular visual field deficits have to be at the level of this or farther

Answer 32

Optic chiasm

Question 33

Heteronymous describes different visual fields in each eye, and only occurs with lesions to this

Answer 33

Optic chiasm

Question 34

This describes having different visual field losses in each eye Only occurs with lesion to optic chiasm

Answer 34

Heteronymous deficit

Question 35

This describes having the same visual field deficits in both eyes

Answer 35

Homonymous (can be contralateral hemianopia or quadrantanopia - macular sparing can occur with both)

Question 36

A right superior quadrantanopsia occurs with lesion to this

Answer 36

Meyer's loop (inferior optic projections)

Question 37

Right inferior quadrantanopsia occurs with lesion to this

Answer 37

Superior projection of optic radiation

Question 38

Can macular sparing occur with compression of optic nerve?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

Sense of depth that results from viewing the world with two eyes

Answer 39

Stereopsis

Question 40

Types of neurons within V1 visual areas that are sensitive to disparity, and are located beyond the point of focus

Answer 40

Far cells

Question 41

Types of neurons within V1 visual areas that are sensitive to disparity, and are located closer than the point of focus

Answer 41

Near cells

Question 42

Types of neurons within V1 visual areas that are sensitive to disparity, and are located in the fovea

Answer 42

Tuned zero cells

Question 43

This stream of cortical vision functions in vision for action

Answer 43

Dorsal stream

Question 44

This stream of cortical vision functions in vision for perception

Answer 44

Ventral stream

Question 45

The dorsal stream of cortical vision travels from occipital lobe to this

Answer 45

Posterior parietal cortex

Question 46

The ventral stream of cortical vision travels from occipital lobe to this

Answer 46

Inferior temporal cortex

Question 47

Achromatopsia occurs due to damage of this brain structure

Answer 47

Fusiform gyrus (V4)

Question 48

Akinetopsia occurs due to damage of this brain structure

Answer 48

Middle temporal cortex (V5)

Question 49

Visual form agnosia occurs due to damage of this brain structure

Answer 49

Lateral occipital

Question 50

Simultanagnosia occurs due to damage of this brain structure

Answer 50

Parietal lobe

Question 51

Prosopagnosia occurs due to damage of this brain structure

Answer 51

Fusiform gyrus

Question 52

Word agnosia occurs due to damage of this brain structure

Answer 52

Anterior occipital lobe

Question 53

Damage to fusiform gyrus causes these 2 visual agnosias

Answer 53

Achromatopsia Prosopagnosia

Question 54

Damage to V5/ medial temporal lobe causes this visual agnosia

Answer 54

Akinetopsia

Question 55

Is cerebral achromatopsia a ventral or dorsal stream lesion?

Answer 55

Ventral

Question 56

Cerebral achromatopsia is often caused by a bilateral infarction of this artery distribution

Answer 56

PCA

Question 57

Bilateral infarction of posterior cerebral artery distribution can cause damage to the lingual and/or fusiform gyri (V4), leading to this visual agnosia

Answer 57

Cerebral Achromatopsia

Question 58

This is an impaired ability to smoothly perceive motion

Answer 58

Akinetopsia

Question 59

Akinetopsia is likely a result of cortical damage to the ventral or dorsal stream?

Answer 59

Dorsal (e.g. the middle temporal cortex)

Question 60

This is substantial impairment at recognizing visually presented stimuli (objects, drawings)

Answer 60

Visual form agnosia

Question 61

Carbon monoxide poisoning affecting lateral occipital regions can cause this visual defect

Answer 61

Visual form agnosia (Impairment in shape discrimination and object identification)

Question 62

Visual form agnosia involves lesions to the ventral or dorsal stream?

Answer 62

Ventral

Question 63

This is an inability to see more than one object in an array

Answer 63

Simultanagnosia

Question 64

These are impairments of the structural description system Failure of object recognition, despite visual processing that can result in accurate figure copying

Answer 64

Associative agnosias