Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro - Week 6 > Eye & Retina > Flashcards

Eye & Retina Flashcards

(104 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Eye tissue layer that consists of a tough, white tissue except for the anterior-most region, the cornea, which is transparent

A

Sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eye tissue layer that is highly vascularized and includes the ciliary body (a muscle) and the iris

A

Choroid layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which layer of the eye includes the ciliary body and iris?

A

Choroid layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Eye layer that includes the photoreceptors and pigmented epithelium

A

Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The function of this eye structure is coarse focus; not adjustable

A

Cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This is the space between the iris and cornea

A

Anterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The anterior chamber is the space between these two parts of the eye

A

Iris and cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The posterior chamber is the space between these two parts of the eye

A

Lens and iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

This is the space between the lens and iris

A

Posterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This supplies nutrients to the cornea and lens (fills the anterior and posterior chambers)

A

Aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

This is the site where aqueous humor is reabsorbed

A

Canal of Schlemm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

This maintains eye shape; also removes blood and cellular debris from the eye

A

Vitreous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

This controls the amount of light that enters the eye

A

Iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This structure of the eye functions in fine focus; adjustable

A

Lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This structure of the eye is the actual site of photoreception and transmission to the brain

A

Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

This structure of the eye absorbs light, thereby increasing acuity; supplies nutrients to and removes debris from the retinal layer

A

Pigmented epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Zonule fibers are arranged radially around this, holding it in palce

A

Lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

These are arranged radially around the lens, holding it in place

A

Zonule fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The shape of the lens is controlled by these two structures

A

Ciliary muscles and Zonule fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This structure secretes the aqueous humor

A

Ciliary body/muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ciliary body/muscle secretes this

A

Aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Contraction and relaxation of these muscles controls the shape of the lens
Contraction causes the lens to thicken while relaxation causes the lens to become thinner

A

Ciliary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Does contraction or relaxation of ciliary muscles cause the lens to thicken?

A

Contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Does contraction or relaxation of ciliary muscles cause the lens to become thinner?

A

Relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Does contraction or relaxation of ciliary muscles reduce the tension of the zonule fibers?
Contraction (allows the lens to thicken for near vision focusing)
26
What allows the lens to thicken for near vision focusing?
Contraction of the ciliary muscles = reduces tension of the zonule fibers
27
Is contraction or relaxation of ciliary muscles necessary for far vision?
Relaxation = generates greater tension by the zonule fibers onto the lens, resulting in a thinner lens necessary for far vision
28
Clinical term for normal vision
Emmetropia
29
This refractive error is caused by the cornea being too curved or the eyeball being too long
Myopia
30
This refractive error is caused by the eyeball being too short
Hypermetropia / hyperopia
31
This refractive error occurs when either the lens or cornea do not have a uniform curvature, therefore the light rays do not all get focused onto the same point Leads to blurring of vision
Astigmatism
32
This type of layer of the retina contains synaptic connections
Plexiform layers
33
These cells in the retina carry out phototransduction; no spikes
Photoreceptors (rods and cones)
34
Do bipolar cells have spikes (action potentials)?
No
35
Do photoreceptors have spikes (action potentials)?
No
36
These cells in the retina carry information to the brain (1st action potentials in the circuit)
Ganglion cells
37
These cells in the retina regulate and integrate input from multiple photoreceptor cells Maintains sensitivity under different levels of ambient light
Horizontal cells
38
These cells in the retina have a mix of roles; contribute to the direction sensitivity of certain ganglion cells
Amacrine cells
39
In the dark, are photoreceptors hyperpolarized or depolarized?
Depolarized
40
Photoreceptors are depolarized in the dark, due to these channels being constantly open in the dark
cAMP-gated ion channels (conduct Na and Ca)
41
Are cAMP-gated ion channels of photoreceptors constantly open or closed in the dark?
Open
42
In phototransduction, activation of pigment molecules by light reduces cytoplasmic concentration of this
cGMP
43
What produces a graded hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor in light?
Activation of pigment molecules reduces cytoplasmic concentration of cGMP = closes cGMP gated ion channels
44
In rods and cones, is the receptor potential a hyperpolarization or depolarization?
Hyperpolarization
45
These cells release glutamate, which inhibits bipolar cells So a decrease in glutamate release in the light allows the bipolar cell to depolarize
Photoreceptors
46
Photoreceptors release this, which inhibits bipolar cells A decrease in release in the light allows the bipolar cells to depolarize
Glutamate
47
Does glutamate excite or inhibit bipolar cells?
Inhibits
48
Does glutamate excite or inhibit ganglion cells?
Excites
49
These cells in the retinal circuit do have action potentials so the level of synaptic transmission from these cells is proportional to the spike firing rate Spikes travel along axons in the optic nerve to the brain
Ganglion cells
50
Light converts this molecule to all-trans retinal
11-cis retinal
51
Light converts 11-cis retinal to this
all-trans retinal
52
Does photoisomerization involve the conversion of retinal to the cis or trans state?
11-cis isomer to all-trans state
53
When transducin (G protein) is activated by retinal conformational change, is activates PDEs that hydrolyze this
cGMP (convert to GMP)
54
This regenerates photopigment molecules after light exposure
Retinal pigment epithelium
55
This removes expended membranous disks (contain the photopigments) from the tip of the outer segment
Retinal pigment epithelium
56
In a retinal detachment, there is separation of this from the rest of the retina
Pigmented epithelium
57
Are rods or cones specialized for night vision?
Rods
58
Are rods or cones specialized for day vision?
Cones
59
Do rods or cones have a higher sensitivity to light?
Rods
60
Do rods or cones have more photopigment?
Rods
61
Do rods or cones have less photopigment?
Cones
62
Do rods or cones have higher amplification, single photon detection?
Rods
63
Do rods or cones have lower amplification?
Cones
64
Do rods or cones have low temporal resolution, slow response, long integration time?
Rods
65
Do rods or cones have high temporal resolution, fast response, short integration time?
Cones
66
Do rods or cones have slow response?
Rods
67
Do rods or cones have fast response?
Cones
68
Are rods or cones more sensitive to scattered light?
Rods
69
Are rods or cones more sensitive to direct axial rays?
Cones
70
Is the rod or cone system for low acuity, not present in central fovea, highly convergent retinal pathways?
Rod system
71
Is the rod or cone system for high acuity, concentrated in fovea, dispersed retinal pathways?
Cone system
72
Is the rod or cone system achromatic (one type of pigment)?
Rod
73
Is the rod or cone system chromatic with three types, each with a distinct pigment most sensitive to a different part of the visible light segment?
Cone
74
Single photon can evoke electrical response in a rod or cone?
Rod
75
Many rods have synapses on the same cell of this type
Bipolar cell (Signals from rods are pooled in the bipolar cell and reinforce one another)
76
Are there more cones or rods in the retina?
Rods (Cones are outnumbers by rods 20 to 1)
77
Do cones or rods tend to have a 1:1 connection to a bipolar cell?
Cones
78
These are concentrated in the fovea, where the image is less distorted due to a thinning of the retinal layers
Cones
79
Does the fovea region have rods or cones?
Cones only
80
Inherited visual disorder characterized by a progressive loss in vision that is due to the degeneration of photoreceptors
Retinitis pigmentosa
81
Retinitis pigmentosa is due to the degeneration of these
Photoreceptors
82
Early symptoms of this condition are night blindness, reduction of visual field, thinning of retinal blood vessels and formation of clumps of pigment within the retina
Retinitis pigmentosa
83
In Retinitis pigmentosa, are the cones or rods lost first?
Rods (night blindness is early symptom) As the disease progresses, the cones are also lost, and the patient becomes completely blind
84
Rods use this single photopigment
Rhodopsin
85
What are the three photopigments of cones?
Short (S) = violet Middle (M) = green Long (L) = yellow
86
This photopigment of cones is violet
Short (S)
87
This photopigment of cones is green
Middle (M)
88
This photopigment of cones is yellow
Long (L)
89
Short (S) photopigments of cones are this color
violet
90
Middle (M) photopigments of cones are this color
green
91
Long (L) photopigments of cones are this color
Yellow
92
Lack of one of the three cone pigments
Dichromat
93
Dichromat is usually caused by a loss of function mutation of either of these pigment genes
Red or green
94
This is a loss of the L pigment in cones
Protanopia
95
This is a loss of the M pigment in cones
Deuteranopia
96
This is a loss of the S pigment in cones
Tritanopia (blue deficiency - very rare)
97
Protanopia is a loss of this photopigment of cones
Long (L) = yellow
98
Deuteranopia is a loss of this photopigment of cones
Middle (M) = green
99
Tritanopia is a loss of this photopigment of cones
Short (S) (blue deficiency - very rare)
100
This is the most prevalant form of color blindness
Red-green
101
Is red-green color blindness more common in males or females?
Males (seen in about 8% of the male population) Due to genes encoding pigments being on X chromosome
102
Protanopia and deuteranopia both result in this form of color blindness even though they are missing different color-sensitive pigments
Red-green
103
Is vision normal (just without different types of cones) in rod or cone monochromacy?
Cone
104
Is there poor vision, light sensitivity, and nystagmus in rod or cone monochromacy?
Rod monochromacy (due to absent or non-functioning cones)

Neuro - Week 6 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions