Ear and Auditory System Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
The dimension of auditory experience related to the frequency of a pressure wave
A
Pitch
(measured in Hz; normal range is 20-20,000 Hz)
2
Q
The dimension of auditory experience related to the complexity of the pressure wave
A
Timbre
3
Q
Pure tone describes a sound with only one ______
A
Frequency
4
Q
Different musical instruments playing the same note (frequency) sound different due to this
A
Timbre
5
Q
This is the intensity of a pressure wave (amplitude)
A
Loudness
(measured in dB)
6
Q
The external ear consists of these two structures
A
Auricle + External acoustic meatus
7
Q
This part of the ear is also called the Pinna
A
Auricle
8
Q
The auricle of the ear is made of this
A
Elastic cartilage
9
Q
The lobule of the ear is part of this
A
Auricle/pinna
10
Q
This structure is considered the ear canal and is lined with wax glands
A
Acoustic meatus
11
Q
The acoustic meatus is supported by the cartilage of the auricle and this
A
Temporal bone
12
Q
The acoustic meatus is lined with these
A
Wax glands
13
Q
This nerve provides sensory innervation for the skin over parotid gland, mastoid process, and surfaces of outer ear
A
Great auricular nerve
14
Q
The Great auricular nerve originates from this
A
Cervical plexus
(branches of C2 and C3 spinal nerves)
15
Q
The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of this
A
CN V3
16
Q
The external acoustic meatus is innervated by CNs V and VII, as well as these two which can result in a gag reflex connected to the ear
A
CN IX and X
17
Q
Cauliflower ear occurs due to this
A
Trauma
(causes auricular hematoma)
18
Q
Cauliflower ear is an Auricular hematoma, in which a collection of blood forms between these
A
Perichondrium (connective tissue) and ear cartilage
19
Q
This structure separates the external and middle ear compartments
A
Tympanic membrane
20
Q
Umbo is the most convex part near center of this structure
A
Tympanic membrane
21
Q
This is the most convex part of the Tympanic membrane, near the center
A
Umbo
22
Q
“Cone of light” is reflected off this structure from otoscope illumination of healthy ear
A
Tympanic membrane
23
Q
Perforation of the Tympanic membrane results in this
A
Deafness
24
Q
The Tympanic membrane moves in response to this
A
Air vibrations
25
This congenital malformation is an absence or closure of ear canal
Microtia
26
This is the word for ear wax
Cerumen
27
Cerumen (ear wax) is produced only in this part of the ear canal
Lateral-most (cartilaginous) portion
28
These are the 3 ossicular chain bones in the middle ear
Malleus, incus, stapes
29
The footplate of this ossicle sits in oval window of the cochlea
Stapes
30
These compensate for the change in resistance between the air (low) and the liquid (high) media
Results in impedance matching
Ossicles
31
Is the middle ear filled with air or fluid?
Air
32
Is the cochlea filled with air or fluid?
Fluid
33
This ossicle rocks back and forth in the oval window causing waves in the fluid of the inner ear
Stapes
34
This structure equalizes pressure, and connects middle ear to nasopharynx
Eustachian tube
35
The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to this
Nasopharynx
36
Failure of this structure to open can cause hearing difficulties and/or pain as pressure builds in middle ear
Eustachian tube
37
Muscles in this part of the ear reduce sensitivity to one's own voice
Middle ear
38
Paralysis of this structure, resulting from CN VII lesion, causes hyperacusis
Stapedius
39
This is the smallest skeletal muscle in the body
Stapedium
40
This group of bones are the smallest bones in the body
Ossicles
41
Otitis media is inflammation of this part of the ear
Middle ear
42
This is inflammation of the middle ear
Otitis media
43
This occurs when the eustachian tube is always open, and the eardrum moves with respiration
Person hears themselves breathing
"Bucket on the head"
Patulous eustachian tube
44
These are the two divisions of the inner ear
Bony labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth
45
This division of the inner ear is filled with perilymph and separated into the vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea
Bony labyrinth
46
The Bony labyrinth of the inner ear is filled with this
Perilymph
47
The Bony labyrinth of the inner ear is separated into these three structures
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea
48
The membranous labyrinth is filled with this
Endolymph
49
Is the bony or membranous labyrinth filled with perilymph?
Bony
50
Is the bony or membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph?
Membranous
51
This division of the inner ear is within the bony labyrinth
membranous labyrinth
52
This division of the inner ear has six specialized receptor organs, including the Organ of Corti
membranous labyrinth
53
The Organ of Corti is within this part of the ear
membranous labyrinth (of inner ear)
54
This part of the cochlea contains the CN VIII nerve cell bodies
Modiolus
55
The Modiolus of the cochlea contains cell bodies of this cranial nerve
CN VIII
56
These are the three fluid filled chambers of the cochlea
Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
Scala media
57
These two scalae of the cochlea contain perilymph
Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
58
This scala of the cochlea contains endolymph
Scala media
59
Do the scalae vestibuli and tympani of the cochlea contain endolymph or perilymph?
Perilymph
60
Does the Scala media of the cochlea contain perilymph or endolymph?
Endolymph
61
This structure separates the Scala vestibuli from Scala media of the cochlea
Reissner's membrane
62
Reissner's membrane separates these two cochlear chambers
Scala vestibuli and Scala media
63
This structure separates the Scala media from Scala tympani of the cochlea
Basilar membrane
64
The Basilar membrane separates these two cochlear chambers
Scala media from Scala tympani
65
This dividing membrane of the cochlea is under the Organ of Corti
Basilar membrane
66
Basilar membrane of the cochlea is located under this
Organ of Corti
67
This is the apex of the cochlea, where the Scala tympani and Scala vestibuli meet
Helicotrema
68
The Helicotrema is where these two cochlear chambers meet
Scala tympani and Scala vestibuli
69
This window bulges out as a result of fluid push by stapes/oval window
Round window
70
This fluid of the inner ear is high in Na+ and low in K+
Perilymph
71
This fluid of the inner ear is low in Na+ and high in K+
Endolymph
72
This fluid of the inner ear is found in the Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani
Perilymph
73
This fluid of the inner ear is found in the Scala media
Endolymph
74
What is the level of Na+ in perilymph?
High
75
What is the level of K+ in perilymph?
Low
76
What is the level of Na+ in endolymph?
Low
77
What is the level of K+ in endolymph?
High
78
This structure of the inner ear contains 3-5 rows or outer hair cells, and a single row of inner hair cells
Supports cell and other structures
Organ of Corti
79
The Organ of Corti is covered by this structure
Tectorial membrane
80
Are inner or outer hair cells flask shaped?
Inner
81
Are inner or outer hair cells test tube shaped?
Outer
82
Do inner or outer hair cells have afferent innervation?
Inner
83
Do inner or outer hair cells have predominantly efferent innervation?
Outer
84
Do inner or outer hair cells have stereocilia embedded in tectorial membrane?
Outer
85
Tinnitis is likely due to output from these cells
Outer hair cells
86
These cells amplify and tune basilar membrane movement via a molecular motor within the cell
Outer hair cells
87
The outer hair cells function to adjust amplification of sound by this structure
Basilar membrane
88
Does upward or downward movement between hair cells and tectorial membrane resulting in depolarizing the hair cells?
Upward
89
Does upward or downward movement between hair cells and tectorial membrane resulting in hyperpolarizing the hair cells?
Downward
90
Stereocilia have this type of ion channel at the tip
K+
91
Are K+ channels open when stereocilia move toward or away from the kinocilium?
Toward
(= depolarizing)
92
Are K+ channels closed when stereocilia move toward or away from the kinocilium?
Away from
(= hyperpolarizing)
93
K+ channels are open where stereocilia move toward the kinocilium, resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization?
Depolarizing
94
K+ channels are closed where stereocilia move away from the kinocilium, resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization?
Hyperpolarizing
95
This part of the cochlea responds to high frequencies
Base
96
This part of the cochlea responds to low frequencies
Apex
97
Does the base of the cochlea respond to low or high frequencies?
High
98
Does the apex of the cochlea respond to low or high frequencies?
Low
99
This structure runs from the bony spinal lamina to spiral ligament
Contains the Organ of Corti
Tuning is due to its properties
Basilar membrane
100
Sensitivity to this differs along the length of the cochlea
Frequency
101
Is the basilar membrane stiffer at the basal end or apical end?
Basal
102
Frequency sensitivity differs along the length of the cochlea, due to this structure being stiffer at the basal end and more flexible at the apical end
Basilar membrane
103
Although a sound wave travels the entire length of this structure, it vibrates more at certain positions based on the frequency of the sound
Basal membrane
104
Higher frequency sounds have peak displacement towards this end of the cochlea
Basal
105
Lower frequency sounds peak towards this end of the cochlea
Apical
106
Cochlear implants are used when these cells are lost, but auditory nerve is still intact
Cochlear hair cells
107
This part of a cochlear implant threads through the cochlea where it stimulates the auditory nerve endings in a tonotopic manner
Array
108
Can the array of a cochlear implant reproduce the frequency transduction properties of the hair cells?
No
(uses only the tonotopic organization of the cochlea)
109
Bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion project a peripheral process to this
Hair cell
110
Bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion project a central process to this
Cochlear nuclei in the medulla
(via CN VIII)
111
Ascending projections from the cochlear pathways actually bifurcate in this structure to innervate targets on both the ipsilateral and contralateral side
Pons
112
At the level of the pons, is the primary or secondary ascending auditory pathway on the contralateral side?
Primary
113
At the level of the pons, is the primary or secondary ascending auditory pathway on the ipsilateral side?
Secondary
114
Central lesions of the central auditory pathways produce loss of hearing in which ear?
Both
115
This structure functions in sound localization via delay lines and inter-aural intensity differences
Superior olivary complex
(MSO uses delay lines, LSO and MNTB use inter-aural (loudness) differences)
116
This auditory structure receives binaural input from the olivary nuclei and other nuclei and pathways
Form topographical auditory space map
Inferior colliculus
117
This auditory structure receives input primarily from the inferior colliculus
Contains neurons sensitive to specific patterns of frequency and temporal differences
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
118
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus primarily receives input from this structure
Inferior colliculus
119
Cross talk of auditory pathways occurs at this level of the brain
Primary auditory cortex
120
Do cortical lesions of the auditory cortex usually lead to hearing loss?
No
rather listening deficits (language, learning, communication)
EXCEPT bilateral damage can lead to central deafness
