Cerebellum Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
location of cerebellum
A
- posterior cranial fossa
- posterior to 4th ventricle, pons, medulla oblongata
2
Q
3 lobes of cerebellum
A
anterior, middle, flocculonodular lobe
3
Q
- seen on the superior surface
- separated from middle lobe
A
anterior lobe
4
Q
V shaped fissure
A
primary fissure
5
Q
- posterior lobe
- largest part
- between primary & uvulonodar fissure
A
middle lobe
6
Q
posterior to uvulonodar fissure
A
flocculonodular lobe
7
Q
functional division
A
spinocerebellum
cerebrocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum
8
Q
- receive major spinal cord inputs
- feed forward control
- control both muscle tone & execution of movements
A
spinocerebellum
9
Q
- planning movements & motor learning
- largest
- sends outputs to thalamus & red nucleus
A
cerebrocerebellum
10
Q
receives major inputs from vestibular system
A
vestibulocerebellum
11
Q
cerebellar peduncles
A
superior, middle, inferior cerebellar peduncle
12
Q
- paired structure of white matter
- connects to cerebellum to midbrain
A
superior cerebellar peduncle
13
Q
conveys information from cerebrum & pons to cerebellum
A
middle cerebellar peduncle
14
Q
- integrating propropceptive sensory input with motor vestibular functions
- balance & posture maintenance
A
inferior cerebellar peduncle
15
Q
functions of cerebellum
A
- coordinator of precise movements
- maintain upright posture with respect to one’s position in space
- maintain tension or firmness of muscle
- balance & equilibrium
16
Q
intracerebellar nuclei
A
fastigal
denate
interposed nucleus
17
Q
lies near the middle in the vermis & close to the roof of 4th ventricle
A
fastigal nucleus
18
Q
- largest cerebellar nuclei
- crumpled bag with opening facing medially
- interior is made with white matter made up of efferent fibers
A
denate nucleus
19
Q
- compromise the emboliform & glubase nucleus
- deep cerebellar complex
A
interposed nucleus
20
Q
structures of cerebellum
A
white and gray matter
21
Q
- resembles trunk & branches of a tree
- section made through cerebellar parallel with median plane, divides the folia at right angles
A
arbor vitae
22
Q
gray matter
A
molecular, purkinje, granular layer
23
Q
- contains stellate & basket cells
- neuroglial cells are found between the structures
A
molecular layer
24
Q
scattered among dentric aborizations & numerous thin axons that run parallel to the long axis of the folia
A
stellate & basket cells
25
- large golgi type 1 neurons
- flask shaped & arranged in single layer
- integrate large amount of information & learn by remodeling their dendrites
purkinje cell layer
26
- packed with small cells with densely staning nuclei & scanty cytoplasm
- claw-like endings & have synaptic contact with mossy fiber input
- neuroglial cells are found
granular layer
27
influences movements of the long axis of the body, neck, shoulders, thorax, abdomen, hips
cortex of the vermis
28
control muscle of distal parts of the limbs (hands & feet)
intermediate zone of cerebellar hemisphere
29
- planning of sequencial movements of the entire body
- involved with conscious assessment of movement errors
lateral zone
30
3 groups of fibers of white matter
intrinsic
afferent
efferent fibers
31
- do not leave the cerebellum but connect different regions of the organ
- interconnet folia of cerebellar cortex & vermis on the same side
- connect the two cerebellar hemisphere together
intrinsic fibers
32
- form greater part of white matter
- enter thorugh inferior & middle cerebellar peduncle
afferent fibers
33
- constitute the output of cerebellum
- commence as axons of purkinje cells
efferent fibers
34
three masses of gray matter
intracerebellar nuclei
35
cerebellar cortical mechanisms
climbing & mossy fibers
36
origin: terminal fibers of olivocerebellar tract
climbing fibers
37
terminates: pass through the granular layer of cortex & terminate in the molecular layer by repeating constantly
climibing fibers
38
neurotransmitter: single purkinje neuron makes synaptic contact with only 1 climbing fiber; one climbing fiber makes synaptic contact to 1 to 10 purkinje neuron
climbing fibers
39
provide rich exitatory drive to cerebellar cortex
mossy fibers
40
origin: multiple brainstem nuclei (afferent tracts)
mossy fibers
41
terminates: granule cells in a layer below purkinje cells in cerebellar cortex
mossy fibers
42
neurotransmitter: immunoreactivity for inhibatory neurotransmitter GABA & GAB 67
mossy fibers
43
intracerebellar nuclear mechanism
climbing & mossy fiber -> purkinje cell -> deep cerebellar nuclei -> brainstem/thalamus -> brain/spinal cord
44
fibers going to cerebellum from cerebral cortex (afferent)
corticopontocerebellar
cerebro-olivicerebellar
cerebroreticulocerebellar
45
arises from nerve cells in frontal, parietal, temporal, & occipital lobe
corticopontocerebellar & cerebro-olivocerebellar
46
descends to corona radiata & internal capsule
corticopontocerebellar & cerebro-olivocerebellar
47
terminates at pontine nuclei
corticopontocerebellar
48
terminates at bilaterally on the inferior olivary nuclei
cerebro-olivocerebellar
49
arises from nerve cells from sensorimotor areas
cerebroreticulocerebellar
50
descends and terminates to reticular formation on the same & opposite side in pons & medulla
cerebro-olivocerebellar
51
- control of voluntary movement
- information of initiation of movement in cerebral cortex is transmitted to cerebellum so that movement can be monitored & appropriate adjustment in muscle activity can be made
cerebellar afferent fibers from cerebral cortex function
52
posterior root ganglion -> nucleus dorsalis -> c/1 anterior spinocerebellar tract and ipsi -> contralateral white column
anterior spinocerebellar tract
53
- convey muscle joint information from muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint receptors of upper & lower limb
- cerebellum receives information from skin & superficial fascia
anterior spinocerebellar tract
54
posterior root ganglion -> posterior gray column -> nucleus dorsalis -> ipsi posterior cerebellar tract and ipsi -> medulla oblongata
posterior cerebellar tract
55
receive muscle joint information from muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint receptors of trunk & lower limbs
posterior cerebellar tract
56
nucleus cuneatus
cuneo-cerebellar tract
57
receive muscle joint information from muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint receptors of upper limbs & upper part of thorax
cuneo-cerebellar tract
58
inner ear structures -> vestibular afferent fibers -> inferior cerebellar peduncle -> vestibular nuclei (other afferent)
vestibular nerve
59
relay sensorimotor cortex to spinal cord
red nucleus
60
red nucleus
red nucleus -> inferiro olivary nucleus -> contralateral anterior & posterior lobe
61
provide visual & auditory information
tectum
62
rotated & flexed
head
63
side of lesion is lower than normal side
shoulder
64
wide base & stiff legged
lower extremity
65
lurches & staggers toward the affected side
gait
66
muscle groups fail to work harmoniously
asynergy
67
- difficulty in movement
- gestures are broken up into individual segments
- not executed smoothly
decomposition of movement
68
- undershoot/overshoot the mark
- past pointing
dysmetria
69
inability to perform alternating movements regularly & rapidly
dysdiadochokinesia
70
fine movements such as buttoning clothes, writing, shaving are attempted
intention tumor
71
- walk in a wide & slow gait
- fall toward the side of lesion
ataxic gait
72
decreased muscle tone
hypotonia
73
rhythmic oscillation are same rate in both directions
pendular nystagmus
74
rhythmic oscillation are quicker in one direction than in other
jerk nystagmus
75
rhythmic oscillation in many planes
rotatory nystagmus
76
- tapping of patellar tendon
- movement continues as a series of flexion & extension movement at knee joint
- leg moves like pendelum
pendulum knee jerk
77
- ataxia of muscles of larynx
- speech tends to be explosive
- sylabbles are slurred
dysarthia
78
Conveys cortex control from cerebral
corticopontocerebellar
Cerebro-olivocerebellar
Cerebroreticulocerebellar
79
conveys information from mucles & joints
Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar
80
Conveys information from muscles and joints of upper limb
Cuneocerebellar
81
Conveys information of head position and movement
Vestibular nerve
82
Conveys information from midbrain
Other afferents
83
origin of Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
Corticopontocerebellar
Cerebro-olivocerebellar
84
origin of Sensorimotor areas
Cerebroreticulocerebellar
85
origin of Muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint receptors
Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar
86
origin of Utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals
vestibular nerve
87
Red nucleus, tectum
Other afferents
88
Via pontine nuclei and mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex
Corticopontocerebellar
89
Via inferior olivary nuclei and climbing fibers to cerebellar cortex
Cerebro-olivocerebellar
90
Via reticular formation
Cerebroreticulocerebellar
91
Via mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex
Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar
92
Via mossy fibers to cortex of flocculonodular lobe
Vestibular nerve
93
Cerebellar cortex
Other afferents
94
afferent cerebellar pathways
Corticopontocerebellar
Cerebro-olivocerebellar
Cerebroreticulocerebellar
Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar
Vestibular nerve
Other afferents
95
Influences ipsilateral motor activity
GIobose-emboliform-rubraI
DentatothaIamic
96
Influences ipsilateral extensor muscle tone
Fastigial vestibular
97
Influences ipsilateral muscle tone
fastigial reticular
98
origin of GIobose and emboliform nuclei
GIobose-emboliform- rubraI
99
origin of Dentate nucleus
DentatothaIamic
100
origin of Fastigial nucleus
Fastigial vestibular
fastigial reticular
101
To contraIateraI red nucleus, then via crossed rubrospinaI tract to ipsilateral motor neurons in the spinal cord
GIobose-emboliform- rubraI
102
To contraIateraI ventroIateraI nucleus of the thalamus, then to contraIateraI motor cerebral cortex; corticospinal tract crosses midIine and controls ipsilateral motor neurons in the spinal cord
DentatothaIamic
103
Mainly to ipsilateral and to contraIateraI IateraI vestibular nucIei; vestibulospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons in the spinal cord
Fastigial vestibular
104
To neurons of reticular formation; reticulospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons to the spinal cord
fastigial reticular
105
separated from the occipital lobes of the
cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli.
gross appearance of the cerebellum:
106
Each cerebellar hemisphere controls the tone of skeletal muscles supplied by spinal nerves
on the ___ side of the body.
same
107
Each cerebellar hemisphere controls the tone of skeletal muscles supplied by spinal nerves
on the ___ side of the body.
same
108
consists of two cerebellar hemi-
spheres joined by a narrow median vermis.
cerebellum
109
axons of ___ form the efferent
fibers from the cerebellar cortex.
purkinje cells
110
axons of the ___ form the main cerebellar outflow.
intracerebellar nuclei
111
enters the
cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle.
anterior spinocerebellar tract
112
___ and ___ constitute the two main lines of input to the cerebellar cortex.
climbing and mossy fibers
113
controls voluntary movement by coordinating the force and extent of contraction of different muscles.
cerebellum
114
___ of the cerebellar nuclei influences
muscle activity so that movements can progress in an orderly sequence from one movement to the next.
output
115
Loss of pain and temperature on the left side of the body
striae medullaris
116
Nystagmus
Corpus callosum
117
Hypotonicity of the muscles on the right with a tendency to fall to the right
Right inferior cerebellar peduncle
118
leave the cerebellum Corticopontocerebellar
Middle cerebellar
peduncle
119
leave the cerebellum cuneocerebellar
lnferior cerebellar
peduncle
120
leave the cerebellum cerebellar reticular
lnferior cerebellar
peduncle
121
leave the cerebellum Cerebellar rubral
Superior cerebellar peduncle
122
lies posterior to the medulla oblongata
cerebellum
123
The anterior lobe is separated from the middle (posterior) lobe by
primary fissure
124
The flocculonodular lobe is separated from the middle (posterior) lobe by the
uvulonodular fissure
125
lies anterior to the cerebellum
4th ventricle
126
cerebellum has ___ effect on the activity of smooth muscle.
no
127
cerebellum has the ___ influence on the skeletal muscle supplied by cranial nerves as on that supplied by spinal nerves
same
127
cerebellum has the ___ influence on the skeletal muscle supplied by cranial nerves as on that supplied by spinal nerves
same
128
The important Purkinje cells are
Golgi type I neurons
129
exert an inhibitory influence on the intracerebellar nuclei.
Purkinje cells
130
inferior surface of the cerebellum shows a deep groove formed by the ___ of the vermis
inferior surface
131
The ___ joins the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata
inferior cerebellar peduncle
132
found in the cortex and in the three masses forming the intracerebellar nuclei.
gray matter
133
white matter and folia of the cortex have a branched appearance on the cut surface, called
arbor vitae
134
folded by many transverse fissures into folia
cerebellar cortex
135
structure of the ___ is identical in different parts of the cerebellum
cortex
136
found in the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex
purkinje cells
137
found in the deepest (granular) layer of the cerebellar cortex
golgi cells
138
deeply embedded in the white matter
intracerebellar nuclei
139
nuclei are located posterior to the roof of the
4th ventricle
140
From medial to lateral, the nuclei are named as follows:
fastigial, globose, emboliform, and dentate
141
most of the fibers are efferent and arise from the neurons of the intracerebellar nuclei
superior cerebellar peduncle
142
contains afferent fibers of the posterior spinocerbellar tract, the cuneocerebellar tract, the vestibular nucleus, and the olivocerebellar tract
inferior cerebellar peduncle
143
come from the cerebellum, including the fastigial vestibular pathway and the fastigial reticular pathway
efferent fibers
144
formed of fibers that arise from the pontine nuclei
middle cerebellar peduncle
145
surface structures and are easily seen on dissection.
cerebellar peduncles
146
end by making synaptic contacts with the dendrites of the granular cells and the Golgi cells
mossy fibers
147
enter the cerebellum through the superior, inferior, and middle cerebellar peduncles
afferent fibers
148
excitatory to the Purkinje cells
afferent fibers
149
afferent fibers to the cerebellum are
myelinated
150
cerebellum influences the actions of ___ not tendons
muscles
151
cerebellum inhibits the contraction of ___ muscles.
antagonistic
152
cerebellum ___ influences skeletal muscle activity with the assistance of the cerebral cortex.
indirectly
153
cerebellum has no effect on the control of ___ muscle in the wall of the intestine.
smooth
154
cerebellum has no effect on the control of ___ muscle in the wall of the intestine.
smooth
155
make multiple synaptic contacts with 1 to 10 Purkinje cells.
climbing fibers
156
stimulate many Purkinje cells by first stimulating the granular cells
mossy fibers
157
intracerebellar nuclei send axons to the ___ of the thalamus, where they are relayed to the cerebral cortex
ventrolateral nucleus
158
caused by the failure of the cerebellum to inhibit the cerebral cortex after the movement has begun
past pointing
159
cerebellar cortex has the ___ uniform microscopic structure in different individuals.
same
160
exert a stimulatory influence on the neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei.
purkinje cells
161
principally influences movement on the same side of the body.
cerebellar hemisphere
162
part of the cerebellum that lies in the midline
vermis
