Cerebrum Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
location of cerebrum
A
- anterior and middle cranial fossae of the skull
- whole concavity of the vault of the skull
2
Q
forms the central core
A
diencephalon
3
Q
forms the cerebral hemispheres
A
telencephalon
4
Q
extends posteriorly to the point where the third ventricle becomes continuous with the cerebral aqueduct and anteriorly as far as the interventricular foramina
A
diencephalon
5
Q
superior surface of the diencephalon is concealed by the
A
fornix
6
Q
thick bundle of fibers that originates in the hippocampus of the temporal lobe and arches posteriorly over the thalamus to join the mammillary body
A
fornix
7
Q
- actual superior wall of the diencephalon is formed by the ___
- This consists of a layer of ependyma, which is continuous with the rest of the ependymal lining of the third ventricle.
A
roof of the third ventricle.
8
Q
vascular fold of pia mater
A
tela choroidea
9
Q
- vascular processes
- project downward from the midline into the cavity of the third ventricle
A
choroid plexuses
10
Q
consists of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral cortex with other parts of the brainstem and spinal cord
A
lateral surface
11
Q
formed in its superior part by the medial surface of the thalamus and in its inferior part by the hypothalamus
A
medial surface
12
Q
Medial surface are separated from one another by a shallow sulcus
A
hypothalamic sulcus
13
Q
A bundle of nerve fibers, which are afferent fibers to the habenular nucleus, forms a ridge along the superior margin of the medial surface of the diencephalon and is called
A
stria medullarus thalami
14
Q
diencephalon can be divided into four major parts
A
- thalamus
- subthalamus
- epithalamus
- hhypothalamus
15
Q
- large ovoid mass of gray matter that forms the major part of the diencephalon
- serves as a cell station to all the main sensory systems (except the olfactory pathway)
A
thalamus
16
Q
location of thalamus
A
each side of the third ventricle
17
Q
of the thalamus is narrow and rounded and forms the posterior boundary of the interventricular foramen
A
anterior end
18
Q
- The posterior end of the thalamus is expanded to form the
- overhangs the superior colliculus and the superior brachium
A
pulvinar
19
Q
forms a small elevation on the under aspect of the lateral portion of the pulvinar.
A
lateral geniculate body
20
Q
covered medially by the tela choroidea and the fornix, and laterally, it is covered by ependyma and forms part
of the floor of the lateral ventricle;
A
superior surface
21
Q
The medial surface of the thalamus forms the superior part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle and is usually connected to the opposite thalamus by a band of gray matter, the
A
interthalamic connection
22
Q
The lateral surface of the thalamus is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the very important band of white matter called the
A
internal capsule
23
Q
location of subthalamus
A
between the thalamus and the tegmentum of the midbrain
24
Q
- shape of a biconvex lens
- important connections with the corpus striatum
- involved in the control of muscle activity
A
subthalamic nucleus
25
contains many important tracts that pass up from the tegmentum to the thalamic nuclei; the cranial ends of the medial, spinal, and trigeminal lemnisci are examples
subthalamus
26
location of habenular nucleus
medial to the posterior surface of the thalamus
27
believed to be a center for integration of olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways
hebenular nucleus
28
- small, conical structure that is attached by the pineal stalk to the diencephalon
- lies posterior to the midbrain
- possesses no nerve cells
pineal gland
29
superior part of the base of the stalk contains the
habenular commissure
30
inferior part of the base of the stalk contains the
posterior commissure
31
Two types of cells are found in the gland
pinealocytes & glial cells
32
Concretions of calcified material called ___ progressively accumulate within the pineal gland with age
brain sand
33
- important endocrine gland capable of influencing the activities of the pituitary gland, the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, the parathyroids, the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla, and the gonads
- The gland has been found to be most active during darkness
pineal gland functions
34
- present in high concentrations within the pineal gland
- plays an important role in the regulation of reproductive function
melatonin
35
- extends from the region of the optic chiasma to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies
- lies below the hypothalamic sulcus on the lateral wall of the third ventricle
hypothalamus
36
Physiologically, nearly all the activities in the body are influenced by the
hypothalamus
37
- controls and integrates the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine systems and plays a vital role in maintaining body homeostasis
- regulation of body temperature, body fluids, drives to eat and drink, sexual behavior, and emotion
hypothalamus
38
Anterior to the hypothalamus is an area that extends forward from the optic chiasma to the lamina terminalis and the anterior commissure
pre optic area
39
location of thalamus
superior to the hypothalamus, and the subthalamic region lies inferolaterally to the hypothalamus
40
flattened bundle of nerve fibers situated at the junction of the anterior wall and floor of the third ventricle
optic chiasma
41
convex mass of gray matter, as seen from the inferior surface
tuber cinereum
42
hollow and becomes continuous with the posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri
infundibulum
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raised part of the tuber cinereum to which is attached the infundibulum
median eminence
44
The median eminence, the infundibulum, and the posterior lobe (pars nervosa) of the hypophysis cerebri together form the
neurohypophysis
45
two small hemispherical bodies situated side by side posterior to the tuber cinereum
mammillary bodies
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slitlike cleft between the two thalami
third ventricle
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formed by a thin sheet of gray matter, the lamina terminalis, across which runs the anterior commissure
anterior wall
48
formed by the opening into the cerebral aqueduct
posterior wall
49
formed by the medial surface of the thalamus superiorly and the hypothalamus inferiorly
lateral wall
50
The lateral wall is limited superiorly by the
stria medullaris thalami
51
The lateral walls are joined by the
interthalamic connection
52
formed by a layer of ependyma that is continuous with the lining of the ventricle
superior wall or roof
53
largest part of the brain
cerebral hemisphere
54
deep midline sagittal fissure
longitudinal cerebral fissure
55
fissure contains the sickle-shaped fold of dura mater ___ and the anterior cerebral arteries.
falx cerebri
56
- great commissure
- connects the hemispheres across the midline
corpus callosum
57
increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex maximally
folds or gyri
58
gyri are separated from each other by
sulci or fissure
59
___ and ___ boundaries used for the division of the cerebral hemisphere into frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
parieto-occipital sulci & calcarine sulci
60
only sulcus of any length on this surface of the hemisphere that indents the superomedial border and lies between two parallel gyri
central sulcus
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- deep cleft found mainly on the inferior and lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere.
- It consists of a short stem that divides into three rami.
lateral sulcus
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- begins on the superior medial margin of the hemisphere about 2 in (5 cm) anterior to the occipital pole
- passes downward and anteriorly on the medial surface to meet the calcarine sulcus
parieto-occipital sulcus
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- found on the medial surface of the hemisphere
- commences under the posterior end of the corpus callosum and arches upward and backward to reach the occipital pole, where it stops
calcarine sulcus
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occupies the area anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus
frontal lobe
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occupies the area posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus; it extends posteriorly as far as the parieto-occipital sulcus
parietal lobe
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largest commissure of the brain
corpus collosum
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begins beneath the anterior end of the corpus callosum and continues above the corpus callosum until it reaches its posterior end
cingulate gyrus
68
The gyrus is separated from the corpus callosum by the
callosal sulcus
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area of the cerebral cortex that surrounds the indentation produced by the central sulcus on the superior border.
paracentral lobule
70
area of cortex bounded anteriorly by the upturned posterior end of the cingulate sulcus and posteriorly by the parieto—occipital sulcus
prenuneaus
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triangular area of corteX bounded above by the parieto-occipital sulcus, inferiorly by the calcarine sulcus, and posteriorly by the superior medial margin
cuneus
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- situated on the inferior surface of the hemisphere
- This runs anteriorly below the calcarine sulcus
collateral sulcus
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Between the collateral sulcus and the calcarine sulcus is the
lingual gyrus
74
extends from the occipital pole to the temporal pole.
medial occipitotemporal gyrus
75
- Located in the interior of the cerebral hemispheres are the
- occupy one cerebral hemisphere
- Each ventricle is a roughly C-shaped cavity lined with ependyma and filled with CSF
lateral ventricles
76
occupies the parietal lobe, and from which anterior, posterior, and inferior horns extend into the frontal, occipital, and temporal lobes
body
77
The lateral ventricle communicates with the cavity of the third ventricle through the
interventricular foramen
78
applied to a collection of masses of gray matter situated within each cerebral hemisphere
basal nuclei
79
situated lateral to the thalamus
corpus striatum
80
- divided by a band of nerve fiber
- into the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus
internal capsule
81
___, a large C-shaped mass of gray matter that is closely related to the lateral ventricle, lies lateral to the thalamus
caudate nucleus
82
wedge-shaped mass of gray matter whose broad convex base is directed laterally and its blade medially
lentiform nucleus
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- situated in the temporal lobe close to the uncus
- considered part of the limbic system
amygdaloid nucleus
84
thin sheet of gray matter that is separated from the lateral surface of the lentiform nucleus by the external capsule
claustrum
85
- connect corresponding regions of the two hemispheres
- corpus callosum, the anterior commissure, the posterior commissure, the fornix, and the habenular commissure
commissure fibers
86
largest commissure of the brain, connects the two cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
87
small bundle of nerve fibers that crosses the midline in the lamina terminalis
anterior commissure
88
- bundle of nerve fibers that crosses the midline immediately above the opening of the cerebral aqueduct into the third ventricle
- fibers from the pretectal nuclei involved in the pupillary light reflex are believed to cross in this commissure on their way to the para- sympathetic part of the oculomotor nuclei
posterior commissure
89
composed of myelinated nerve fibers and constitutes the efferent system of the hippocampus that passes to the mammillary bodies of the hypo- thalamus
fornix
90
small bundle of nerve fibers that crosses the midline in the superior part of the root of the pineal stalk
habenular commissure
91
nerve fibers that essentially connect various cortical regions within the same hemisphere and may be divided into short and long groups
association fibers
92
lie immediately beneath the cortex and connect adjacent gyri
short association fibers
93
collected into named bundles that can be dissected in a formalin-hardened brain
long association fibers
94
Afferent and efferent nerve fibers passing to and from the brainstem to the entire cerebral cortex must travel between large nuclear masses of gray matter within the cerebral hemisphere
projection fibers
95
flanked medially by the caudate nucleus and the thalamus and laterally by the lentiform nucleus
internal capsule
96
consists of the third ventricle and the structures that form its boundaries
diencephalon
97
very important cell station that receives the main sensory tracts
thalamus
98
consists of nerve cells associated with the red nuclei and substantia nigra and is involved in control of muscle activity.
subthalamus
99
consists of the habenular nuclei and pineal gland
epithalamus
100
integration of visceral and somatic pathways
habenular nuclei
101
endocrine gland and melatonin
pineal gland
102
controls and integrates the functions of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine systems and plays a vital role in maintaining body homeostasis
hypothalamus
103
separates the frontal and parietal lobes
central sulcus
104
gyrus ___ contains motor cells that initiate the movements of the contralateral
side of the body
anterior
105
gyrus ___ contains general sensory cortex that receives sensory information from the contralateral side of the body.
posterior
106
deep cleft on the inferior lateral cerebral hemisphere, between frontal and temporal lobes
lateral sulcus
107
lies deep to the lateral sulcus
insula
108
located on the medial side of the hemisphere, running inferiorly to intersect the calcarine
parieto-occipital sulcus
109
- found on the medial surface of the hemispheres, in the occipital lobe
- Primary visual cortex is located here
calcarine sulcus
110
occupies the area anterior to the central sulcus and is divided by three sulci into three gyri.
frontal lobe
111
occupies the area inferior to the lateral sulcus and is divided into three gyri by two sulci.
temporal lobe
112
occupies the area behind the parieto-occipital sulcus
occipital lobe
113
collection of gray matter masses including the corpus striatum, amygdaloid nucleus, and the claustrum
basal nuclei
114
- composed of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, both separated by the internal capsule
- involved in muscular movement control through communications with the cortex
corpus striatum
115
- separated from the lentiform nucleus by the external capsule
- function is unknown
claustrum
116
located in the temporal lobe adjacent to the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle
amygdaloid nucleus
117
myelinated fibers connecting two corresponding regions of the two hemispheres
commissure fibers
118
It is bounded laterally by the internal capsule
diencephalon
119
It contains high concentrations of melatonin
pineal gland
120
Functionally, it plays a role in the release of pituitary hormones
hypothalamus
121
It gives off efferent fibers that pass to the sympathetic and parasympathetic outflows in the brain and spinal cord.
hypothalamus
122
The posterior wall is formed by the opening into the cerebral aqueduct and the pineal recess.
third ventricle
123
In the depths of the fissure, the corpus callosum crosses the midline.
longitudinal cerebral fissure
124
extends onto the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere
central sulcus
125
It communicates with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen
lateral ventricle
126
Most of the fibers within the corpus callosum
interconnect symmetrical areas of the cerebral
cortex
corpus callosum
127
When traced laterally, an anterior bundle of fibers curves forward to join the olfactory tract
anterior commissure
128
The corpus striatum is concerned with muscular movement
basal ganglia
129
extends anteriorly as far as the interventricular foramen
diencephalon
130
situated on the lateral wall of the third ventricle
thalamus
131
consists of the habenular nuclei and their connections and the pineal gland
epithalamus
132
secretions are translucent to x-rays
pineal
133
inhibits the release of the gonadotrophic hormone from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
melatonin
134
There is an increased production of the secretions of the pineal gland during
darkness
135
stimulated by the sympathetic nerve endings
pinealocytes
136
thalamus may be joined to the thalamus of the opposite side by the
interthalamic connection
137
large ovoid mass of gray matter
thalamus
138
formed by the lower part of the lateral wall and floor of the third ventricle, below the hypo- thalamic sulcus
hypothalamus
139
of the hypothalamus are composed of groups of small nerve cells
nuclei
140
influence on the activities of the autonomic and endocrine systems
hypothalamus
141
receives many afferent visceral and somatic sensory nerve fibers
hypothalamus
142
assists in the regulation of water metabolism
hypothalamus
143
plays a role in controlling emotional states
hypothalamus
144
communicate directly with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramina
third ventricle
145
projects from the roof of the third ventricle to form the choroid plexus
vascular tela choroidea
146
The wall of the third ventricle is lined with
ependyma
147
cerebral fissure contains a fold of dura mater, the falx cerebri
longitudinal
148
lies above the longitudinal cerebral fissure
superior sagittal venous sinus
149
lies in the lower border of the falx cerebri in the longitudinal cerebral fissure
inferior sagittal venous sinus
150
lies anterior to the central sulcus
frontal lobe
151
lies posterior to the central sulcus
parietal lobe
152
C shaped and filled with cerebrospinal fluid
lateral ventricle
153
of the lateral ventricle occupies the parietal lobe
body
154
possess a choroid plexus
lateral ventricle
155
of the lateral ventricle occupies the frontal lobe
anterior horn
156
connected to the fornix by the septum pellucidum
corpus callosum
157
of the corpus callosum connects the genu to the lamina terminalis
rostrum
158
embedded in the superior part of the lamina terminalis
anterior commussure
159
of the interventricular foramen is formed by the anterior pillar of the fornix and not the anterior commissure
anterior boundary
160
formed by a small bundle of nerve fibers
anterior commissure
161
wedge shaped, as seen on horizontal section
lentiform nucleus
