ANS

Question 1

ANS is divided into two parts

Answer 1

sympathetic & parasympathetic

Question 2

• prepare the body for emergency by increasing heart rate, constricting peripheral blood vessels, increasing blood supply to muscles, and increasing blood pressure
• redistributes blood to organs that need high performance in emergency situations

Answer 2

sympathetic system

Question 3

sympathetic system originate in the lateral gray columns of the spinal cord

Answer 3

Efferent fibers

Question 4

leave the cord in the anterior root and pass via the white rami communicantes to the paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

Answer 4

Myelinated axons

Question 5

Once these presynaptic fibers reach the sympathetic trunks, they are distributed as follows:

Answer 5

• Synapse with a postsynaptic sympathetic neuron in the ganglion
• Travel superiorly or inferiorly to synapse at
  a different level of the sympathetic trunk. For instance, T1 fibers must travel superiorly to the superior cervical ganglion
• Pass through the ganglia without synapsing, as the greater, lesser, or least splanchnic nerve, to synapse in a prevertebral sympathetic ganglion

Question 6

from the viscera travels through the sympathetic ganglia without synapsing and ascends to higher centers

Answer 6

Afferent information

Question 7

• conserve and restore energy
• heart rate
  is slowed, pupils are constricted, peristalsis and glandular activity is increased, and the bladder walls are contracted

Answer 7

parasympathetic system

Question 8

Efferent fibers of the parasympathetic system originate in the parasympathetic nuclei of cranial nerves ___ and the sacral spinal cord segments ___

Answer 8

III, VII, IX, and X; S2-S4

Question 9

Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers of cranial nerves 11, VII, and IX synapse in the parasympathetic ganglia of the head—specifically—___

Answer 9

ciliary, otic, pterygopalatine, and submandibular

Question 10

from viscera travel with the cranial nerves and the pelvic splanchnic nerves

Answer 10

afferent fibers

Question 11

has long postganglionic fibers

Answer 11

sympathetic system

Question 12

has short fibers

Answer 12

parasympathetic

Question 13

The preganglionic fibers in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are ___, meaning they synthesize and release ACh at the synapse

Answer 13

cholinergic

Question 14

The postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic are also ___

Answer 14

cholinergic

Question 15

Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons release ___

Answer 15

norepinephrine

Question 16

fibers to sweat glands and blood vessels are ___

Answer 16

cholinergic

Question 17

The skin of the upper eyelid receives sympathetic innervation from the ___

Answer 17

superior cervical ganglion

Question 18

The pupil of the iris is constricted by parasympathetic from ___ and dilated by sympathetic fibers from the ___

Answer 18

cranial nerve Ill; superior cervical ganglion

Question 19

receives parasympathetic fibers from cranial nerve VII and sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers from the superior cervical ganglion

Answer 19

lacrimal gland

Question 20

receive parasympathetic innervation from cranial nerve VII and sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion

Answer 20

submandibular & sublingual glands

Question 21

receives parasympathetic fibers from cranial nerve IX and sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion

Answer 21

parotid gland

Question 22

receives parasympathetic innervation from cranial nerve X and sympathetic fibers from the greater and
lesser splanchnic nerves

Answer 22

gastrointestinal tract

Question 23

receive parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves and sympathetic fibers from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk

Answer 23

descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

Question 24

made up of the submucous plexus of Meissner and the myenteric plexus of Auerbach

Answer 24

enteric nervous system

Question 25

indicates that the accommodation reflex for near vision is normal but that the light reflex is lost

Answer 25

Argyll Robertson pupil

Question 26

Pain arising in the gastrointestinal tract is referred to the ___

Answer 26

midline

Question 27

The patient has vasodilation of the facial skin arterioles

Answer 27

Horner syndrome

Question 28

restricted to the T1—L2 segments of the spinal cord

Answer 28

sympathetic outflow

Question 29

Norepinephrine is secreted at the endings of the

Answer 29

postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 30

The parasympathetic innervation controlling the parotid salivary gland arises from the

Answer 30

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 31

Effects are local and discrete due to preganglionic neurons synapsing with few postganglionic neurons

Answer 31

parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system

Question 32

Anticholinesterase drugs act at synapses by

Answer 32

blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine

Question 33

blocks the action of acetylcholine on effector sites in the parasympathetic system

Answer 33

Atropine

Question 34

The parasympathetic outflow in the spinal cord occurs at levels

Answer 34

S2—S4

Question 35

The afferent fibers from the bladder reach the spinal cord at the first and second lumbar segments and the second, third, and fourth sacral segments

Answer 35

autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder

Question 36

The sympathetic nerves cause cardiac acceleration and increased force of contraction of the heart

Answer 36

autonomic innervation of the heart

Question 37

Submandibular gland & Sublingual gland

Answer 37

Submandibular ganglion

Question 38

Lacrimal gland & nasal glands

Answer 38

Pterygopalatine ganglion

Question 39

Parotid gland

Answer 39

Otic ganglion

Question 40

superior cervical ganglion

Answer 40

Levator palpebrae superioris (smooth muscle only)

Question 41

Ciliary ganglion

Answer 41

Constrictor pupillae

Question 42

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

Answer 42

Descending colon

Question 43

Superior mesenteric ganglion

Answer 43

Vermiform appendiX

Question 44

Facial nerve

Answer 44

Lacrimatory nucleus

Question 45

Oculomotor nerve

Answer 45

Edinger—Westphal nucleus

Question 46

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 46

lnferior salivatory nucleus

Question 47

The nerve cells and the nerve fibers in the enteric nervous system are surrounded by neuroglialike cells that closely resemble ___

Answer 47

astrocytes

Question 48

___ of the autonomic system contains both afferent and efferent nerve fibers

Answer 48

parasympathetic part

Question 49

concerned with the light reflex

Answer 49

pretectal nucleus

Question 50

found in the thoracic and first and second lumbar parts of the sympathetic trunk

Answer 50

White rami communicantes

Question 51

___ contain postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Answer 51

Gray rami communicantes

Question 52

formed of myelinated axons

Answer 52

greater splanchnic nerves

Question 53

___ arise from the 10th and 11th ganglia of the thoracic part of the sympathetic trunks

Answer 53

lesser splanchnic nerves

Question 54

has great control over the ANS

Answer 54

hypothalamus

Question 55

influence the ANS

Answer 55

cerebral cortex

Question 56

decreased or absent light reflex and a slow or delayed pupillary contraction to near vision and a slow or delayed dilatation in the dark

Answer 56

adie tonic pupil syndrome

Question 57

skin areas that are innervated by the same segment of the spinal cord as the painful viscus

Answer 57

visceral pain

Question 58

of the bladder brings about contraction of the bladder wall muscle and relaxation of the sphincter vesicae

Answer 58

parasympathetic innervation

Question 59

of the bladder in the male causes contraction of the sphincter vesicae and prevents the reflux of semen into the bladder during ejaculation

Answer 59

sympathetic innervation

Question 60

made to contract voluntarily by the internal pudendal nerve

Answer 60

sphincter urethrae

Question 61

innervate the blood vessels supplying the bladder wall.

Answer 61

sympathetic nerves

Question 62

The parasympathetic part of the autonomic system brings about ___ of the coronary arteries

Answer 62

constriction

Question 63

They are located in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracolumbar spinal cord at T1–L2

Answer 63

sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Question 64

innervate all regions of the heart

Answer 64

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Question 65

Stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation of the constrictor pupillae muscles of the iris causes ___

Answer 65

miosis

Question 66

A 50-year-old woman was diagnosed as having Raynaud’s disease. Which one of the following statements regarding this disease is correct?

Answer 66

periodic cyanosis of digits

Question 67

A 65-year-oldman who has Alzheimer’s disease was prescribed donepezil (Aricept) in an attempt to improve his memory. Which one of the following is the most likely side effect of the drug?

Answer 67

Abdominal cramping and diarrhea

Question 68

called the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 68

sympathetic division

Question 69

- located in the IML at sacral level S2–S4 - located in the brainstem

Answer 69

parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

Question 70

craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 70

parasympathetic division

Question 71

provided by the vagus and is restricted to the sinoatrial (SA) node, atria, and atrioventricular (AV) node

Answer 71

parasympathetic innervation

Question 72

Activation of the ___ decreases automaticity in the SA node cells and, hence, decreases heart rat

Answer 72

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 73

Activation of the ___ increases conduction through the AV node

Answer 73

sympathetic nervous system

Question 74

decreases conduction through the AV node

Answer 74

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 75

causes an increase in the heart rate and contractility

Answer 75

sympathetic stimulation

Question 76

Stimulation of the ___ causes an increase in the motility of the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 76

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 77

- The cause of ___ is not known - cold or emotional stress precipitates vasoconstriction in the digits of the limbs; they appear cyanosed

Answer 77

Raynaud’s disease

Question 78

used to treat this vascular disorder (raynaud's disease)

Answer 78

Alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers

Question 79

Therefore, treatment with ___ will relieve, not exaggerate, the symptoms

Answer 79

alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers

Question 80

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier, is prescribed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 80

donepezil