thalamus

Question 1

situated at the rostral end of the brain- stem and functions as an important relay and integrative station for information passing to all areas of the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, the hypothalamus, and the brainstem

Answer 1

thalamus

Question 2

narrow and rounded and forms the posterior boundary of the interventricular foramen

Answer 2

anterior end of the thalamus

Question 3

expanded to form the pulvinar, which overhangs the superior colliculus

Answer 3

posterior end

Question 4

continuous with the tegmentum of the midbrain

Answer 4

inferior surface

Question 5

forms part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle and is usually connected to the opposite thalamus by a band of gray matter, the interthalamic connection

Answer 5

medial surface of the thalamus

Question 6

thalamus is covered on its superior surface by a thin layer of white matter, called the ___, and on its lateral surface by another layer, the ___

Answer 6

stratum zonale; external medullary lamina

Question 7

• gray matter of the thalamus is divided by a vertical sheet of white matter, the ___, into medial and lateral halves
• consists of nerve fibers that pass from one thalamic nucleus to another

Answer 7

internal medullary lamina

Question 8

lies between the limbs of the Y

Answer 8

anterior part

Question 9

lie on the sides of the stem of the Y

Answer 9

medial and lateral parts

Question 10

• anterior part of the thalamus contains the ___
• receive the mammillothalamic tract from the mammillary nuclei
• receive reciprocal connections with the cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus

Answer 10

anterior thalamic nuclei

Question 11

function of the ___ limbic system and is concerned with emotional tone and the mechanisms of recent memory.

Answer 11

anterior thalamic nuclei

Question 12

• medial part of the thalamus contains the large ___
• two-way connections with the whole prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere
• interconnected with all other groups of thalamic nuclei

Answer 12

dorsomedial nucleus

Question 13

integration of a large variety of sensory information, including somatic, visceral, and olfactory information, and the relation of this information to one’s emotional feelings and subjective states

Answer 13

medial part of the thalamus

Question 14

• lateral dorsal nucleus, the lateral posterior nucleus, and the pulvinar
• have interconnections with other thalamic nuclei and with the parietal lobe, cingulate gyrus, and occipital and temporal lobes.

Answer 14

dorsal tier

Question 15

• connected to the reticular formation, the substantia nigra, the corpus striatum, and the premotor cortex
• influences the activities of the motor cortex

Answer 15

Ventral anterior nucleus

Question 16

• major input from the cerebellum and a minor input from the red nucleus
• main projections pass to the motor and premotor regions of the cerebral cortex
• influences motor activity

Answer 16

Ventral lateral nucleus

Question 17

nucleus is subdivided into the ventral posteromedial nucleus and the ventral posterolateral nucleus

Answer 17

Ventral posterior nucleus

Question 18

receives the ascending trigeminal and gustatory pathways

Answer 18

ventral posteromedial nucleus

Question 19

receives the important ascending sensory tracts, the medial and spinal lemnisci

Answer 19

ventral posterolateral nucleus

Question 20

thalamocortical projections from these important nuclei pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and corona radiata to the primary somatic sensory areas of the cerebral cortex in the postcentral gyrus

Answer 20

Ventral posterior nucleus

Question 21

• small collections of nerve cells within the internal medullary lamina
• receive afferent fibers from the reticular formation as well as fibers from the spinothalamic and trigeminothalamic tracts
• influence the levels of consciousness and alertness in an individual

Answer 21

intralaminar nuclei

Question 22

• consist of groups of nerve cells adjacent to the third ventricle and in the interthalamic connection
• receive afferent fibers from the reticular formation
• precise functions are unknown

Answer 22

midline nuclei

Question 23

• thin layer of nerve cells sandwiched between the external medullary lamina and the posterior limb of the internal capsule
• concerned with a mechanism by which the cerebral cortex regulates thalamic activity

Answer 23

reticular nucleus

Question 24

forms part of the auditory pathway and is a swelling on the posterior surface of the thalamus beneath the pulvinar

Answer 24

medial geniculate body

Question 25

- Afferent fibers to the medial geniculate body form the ___ and come from the inferior colliculus - receives auditory information from both ears but predominantly from the opposite ear

Answer 25

inferior brachium

Question 26

- forms part of the visual pathway and is a swelling on the undersurface of the pulvinar of the thalamus - receives visual information from the opposite field of vision

Answer 26

lateral geniculate body

Question 27

made up of complicated collections of nerve cells that are centrally placed in the brain and are interconnected

Answer 27

thalamus

Question 28

A vast amount of sensory information of all types (except ___) converges on the thalamus and presumably is integrated through the interconnections between the nuclei

Answer 28

smell

Question 29

first integrated at a lower level with taste and other sensations and is relayed to the thalamus from the amygdaloid complex and hippocampus through the mammillothalamic tract

Answer 29

olfactory information

Question 30

required for the interpretation of sensations based on past experiences

Answer 30

cerebral cortex

Question 31

ventroanterior and the ventrolateral nuclei of the thalamus form part of the basal nuclei circuit and thus are involved in the performance of ___

Answer 31

voluntary movements.

Question 32

has extensive connections with the frontal lobe cortex and hypothalamus

Answer 32

large dorsomedial nucleus

Question 33

- closely connected with the activities of the reticular formation, and they receive much of their information from this source - control the level of overall activity of the cerebral cortex - able to influence the lev- els of consciousness and alertness in an individual

Answer 33

intralaminar nuclei

Question 34

All types of sensory information, with the exception of smell, reach the thalamic nuclei via ___

Answer 34

afferent fibers

Question 35

The cerebellar—rubro—thalamic—cortical—ponto— cerebellar neuron pathway is important in ___

Answer 35

voluntary movement

Question 36

the projections of the ventral posterolateral nucleus ascend to the postcentral gyrus through the posterior limb of the ___

Answer 36

internal capsule

Question 37

The ___ receives auditory information from both ears but predominantly from the opposite ear

Answer 37

medial geniculate body

Question 38

Each ___ receives visual information from the opposite field of vision

Answer 38

lateral geniculate body

Question 39

area of white matter lying on the lateral surface of the thalamus

Answer 39

external medullary lamina

Question 40

subdivides the thalamus into three main parts

Answer 40

Y—shaped internal medullary lamina

Question 41

receives the ascending trigeminal and gustatory pathways

Answer 41

ventral posteromedial nucleus

Question 42

receives auditory information from the inferior colliculus and from the lateral lemniscus

Answer 42

medial geniculate body

Question 43

- receives most of the fibers of the optic tract - has a nucleus made up of six layers of nerve cells

Answer 43

lateral geniculate body

Question 44

- Mammillothalamic tract, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus - Cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus - Emotional tone, mechanisms of recent memory

Answer 44

Anterior

Question 45

- Prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, other thalamic nuclei - Prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, other thalamic nuclei - Integration of somatic, visceral, and olfactory information and relation to emotional feelings and subjective states

Answer 45

Dorsomedial

Question 46

- Cerebral cortex, other thalamic nuclei - Cerebral cortex, other thalamic nuclei

Answer 46

Lateral dorsal, lateral posterior, pulvinar

Question 47

- Reticular formation, substantia nigra, corpus striatum, premotor cortex, other thalamic nuclei - Influences activity of motor cortex

Answer 47

Ventral anterior

Question 48

- As in ventral anterior nucleus but also major input from cerebellum and minor input from red nucleus - Influences motor activity of motor cortex

Answer 48

Ventral lateral

Question 49

- Trigeminal lemniscus, gustatory fibers - Primary somatic sensory (areas 3, 1,and 2) cortex - Relays common sensations to consciousness

Answer 49

Ventral posteromedial (VPM)

Question 50

- Medial and spinal lemnisci - Primary somatic sensory (areas 3, I, and 2) cortex - Relays common sensations to consciousness

Answer 50

Ventral posterolateral (VPL)

Question 51

- Reticular formation, spinothalamic and trigeminothalamic tracts - To cerebral cortex via other thalamic nuclei, corpus striatum - Influences levels of consciousness and alertness

Answer 51

intralaminar

Question 52

- Reticular formation

Answer 52

Midline

Question 53

- Cerebral cortex, reticular formation - Other thalamic nuclei - Cerebral cortex regulates thalamus

Answer 53

Reticular

Question 54

- Inferior colliculus, lateral lemniscus from both ears but predominantly the contralateral ear - Auditory radiation to superior temporal gyrus - Hearing

Answer 54

Medial geniculate body

Question 55

- Optic tract - Optic radiation to visual cortex of occipital lobe - Visual information from opposite field of vision

Answer 55

Lateral geniculate body

Question 56

A patient exhibits a variety of behavioral and language problems such as a failure to inhibit responses that are socially inappropriate. Such an individual is most likely to suffer from dementia involving the:

Answer 56

Frontal cortex

Question 57

The corpus callosum of each of 20 patients was severed in order to reduce the spread of seizure activity. The patients were then asked to participate in a research study to identify specific features of brain function. The most likely purpose of this study was to:

Answer 57

Identify the various properties of cerebral dominance

Question 58

A patient exhibits clumsiness, weakness, and somatosensory loss of the right leg. The most likely cause of these symptoms is a:

Answer 58

Hemorrhagic stroke of the left anterior cerebral artery

Question 59

A 68-year-old man is admitted to the emergency room (ER) after initially complaining of dizziness. In the ER, the patient indicated that he could not move his right arm or leg, and his speech was slurred. The tongue was directed to the right side when the patient was asked to protrude it, and the patient’s jaw drooped to the right side as well. Sensory functions on each side of the body appeared normal as well as motor functions on the left side. The patient suffered a stroke involving the:

Answer 59

Middle cerebral artery

Question 60

A 68-year-old man is admitted to the emergency room (ER) after initially complaining of dizziness. In the ER, the patient indicated that he could not move his right arm or leg, and his speech was slurred. The tongue was directed to the right side when the patient was asked to protrude it, and the patient’s jaw drooped to the right side as well. Sensory functions on each side of the body appeared normal as well as motor functions on the left side. The stroke involved the:

Answer 60

Left internal capsule