Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

What is a nucleus?

Answer 1

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Question 2

What is a tract?

Answer 2

Collection of axons in the CNS

Question 3

What is a ganglion?

Answer 3

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

Question 4

Which part of the brain is the largest?

Answer 4

Cerebrum

Question 5

What percentage of brain mass does the cerebrum make up?

Answer 5

83%

Question 6

What functions does the cerebrum control?

Answer 6

Higher functions such as conscious thoughts and intellectual functions

Question 7

What type of information does the cerebrum process?

Answer 7

Somatic sensory and motor information

Question 8

What embryonic structure does the cerebral cortex develop from?

Answer 8

Telencephalon

Question 9

Which embryonic structure acts as a pivot for cerebral hemispheres to rotate around?

Answer 9

Insula

Question 10

What does the embryonic structure, the insula, do for cerebral hemisphere development?

Answer 10

Acts as a pivot for the hemispheres to rotate

Question 11

At what gestation are frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes identifiable?

Answer 11

~14 weeks gestation

Question 12

Which lobes of the cerebrum are identifiable at 14 weeks gestation?

Answer 12

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Question 13

Which sulci are identifiable at around 28 weeks gestation?

Answer 13

Lateral, central, calcarine

Question 14

At what gestation are the lateral, central, and calcarine sulci identifiable at?

Answer 14

~28 weeks

Question 15

What is grey matter composed of?

Answer 15

Neuron cell bodies

Question 16

What is white matter composed of?

Answer 16

Fibre tracts, neuron axons

Question 17

Where is grey matter found in the cerebrum?

Answer 17

Cerebral cortex and basal nuclei

Question 18

Where is white matter found in the cerebrum?

Answer 18

Deep in cerebrum to cerebral cortex, surrounding basal nuclei

Question 19

What allows the cerebral cortex to have such a large surface area?

Answer 19

Sulci and gyri

Question 20

What is the total surface area of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 20

Around 2200cm^2

Question 21

Of the total surface area of the cerebral cortex, what proportion is the general surface area?

Answer 21

1/3

Question 22

Of the total surface area of the cerebral cortex, what proportion is hidden in the sulci?

Answer 22

2/3

Question 23

What range of thickness is there for the cerebral cortex?

Answer 23

1.5mm to 3mm

Question 24

Where is the cerebral cortex at its thickest?

Answer 24

Over the crest of convolution

Question 25

Where is the cerebral cortex at its thinnest?

Answer 25

At the bottom of sulci

Question 26

What is the weight of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 26

600 grams

Question 27

What percentage of the total brain weight is composed of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 27

40%

Question 28

What are three types of white matter fibers visible in the cerebrum?

Answer 28

Commissural fibers, association fibers, and projection fibers

Question 29

What are commissural fibers?

Answer 29

White matter fibers that connect the right and left cerebral hemisphere cortices.

Question 30

Where is the largest bundle of commissural fibres found?

Answer 30

Corpus callosum

Question 31

What are association fibers?

Answer 31

Connect regions of the cerebral cortex within one hemisphere

Question 32

What are the two subtypes of association fibers?

Answer 32

Arcuate and longtitudinal

Question 33

What do arcuate association fibers do?

Answer 33

Connect adjacent gyri

Question 34

What do longitudinal association fibers do?

Answer 34

Connect distant gyri in different lobes

Question 35

What are projection fibres?

Answer 35

White matter fibers that leave the cerebral white matter

Question 36

What structure do projection fibers form?

Answer 36

Internal capsule

Question 37

Which white matter fibers form the internal capsule?

Answer 37

Projection fibers

Question 38

What are the two categories of projection fibers?

Answer 38

Corticofugal and corticopedal

Question 39

What are corticofugal projection fibers?

Answer 39

White matter fibers that leave the cerebral white matter and terminate in the basal nuclei, brainstem, or spinal cord

Question 40

What are corticopedal projection fibers?

Answer 40

White matter fibers that originate in the thalamus and terminate in the cerebral cortex

Question 41

What functional area is Brodmann's area 4?

Answer 41

Primary motor cortex

Question 42

What Brodmann's area is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 42

Brodmann's area 4

Question 43

What functional area is Brodmann's area 17?

Answer 43

Primary visual cortex

Question 44

What Brodmann's area is the primary visual cortex?

Answer 44

Brodmann's area 17

Question 45

What Brodmann's areas are the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 45

1, 2, and 3

Question 46

What functional area is represented by Brodmann's areas 1, 2, and 3?

Answer 46

Primary sensory cortex

Question 47

What Brodmann's areas represent the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 47

41, 42

Question 48

What functional area is represented by Brodmann's areas 41 and 41?

Answer 48

Primary auditory cortex

Question 49

What functions does the frontal lobe control?

Answer 49

Decision making, voluntary movement control

Question 50

What functions does the parietal lobe control?

Answer 50

Sensory and spatial information processing

Question 51

What function does the occipital lobe control?

Answer 51

Vision

Question 52

What functions does the temporal lobe control?

Answer 52

Memory processing and integration with emotion and sensation

Question 53

What is the function of Broca's area?

Answer 53

Speech production

Question 54

Which lobe is Broca's area found in?

Answer 54

Frontal

Question 55

Which hemisphere is Broca's area found in?

Answer 55

Left usually

Question 56

What is the function of Wernicke's area?

Answer 56

Speech comprehension

Question 57

What lobe is Wernicke's area found in?

Answer 57

Temporal

Question 58

Which hemisphere is Wernicke's area usually found in?

Answer 58

Left

Question 59

Where is Broca's area located?

Answer 59

Inferior frontal gyrus - pars triangularis - pars orbitalis - pars opercularis

Question 60

What Brodmann's area is Broca's area located in?

Answer 60

44/45

Question 61

Where is Wernicke's area located?

Answer 61

Posterior superior temporal gyrus

Question 62

What Brodmann's area is Wernicke's area located in?

Answer 62

22

Question 63

Which gyrus hosts the primary motor cortex?

Answer 63

Precentral gyrus

Question 64

What functional area is housed in the precentral gyrus?

Answer 64

Primary motor cortex

Question 65

Which gyrus hosts the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 65

Postcentral gyrus

Question 66

Which functional area is housed in the postcentral gyrus?

Answer 66

Primary sensory cortex

Question 67

What is the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 67

Most anterior part of the frontal lobe

Question 68

Which functional areas is the prefrontal cortex anterior to?

Answer 68

Primary motor and premotor areas

Question 69

What functions is the prefrontal cortex important for?

Answer 69

Intellect Planning Reasoning Mood Conscience Predicting consequences accurately Judgment

Question 70

Which part of the prefrontal cortex 'lights up' on imaging during active thinking?

Answer 70

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 71

What behavioural changes occurred to Phineas Gage following an accident that destroyed majority of his left frontal lobe?

Answer 71

Started to exhibit inappropriate behaviours in social settings, permanently lost inhibitions, marked personality changes, epilepsy

Question 72

What did Phineas Gage's accident reveal about the frontal lobe?

Answer 72

It is involved in personality

Question 73

What was prefrontal leucotomy also known as?

Answer 73

Frontal lobotomy

Question 74

What conditions were treated with frontal lobotomies?

Answer 74

Psychiatric and neurological conditions

Question 75

What did a prefrontal lobotomy involve?

Answer 75

Drilling a hole into the side of the skill and inserting a leucotome to disrupt brain tissue

Question 76

What did a transorbital lobotomy involve?

Answer 76

Inserting a leucotome through bone behind the eyes

Question 77

What risks were associated with lobotomies?

Answer 77

Severe physical and intellectual disability, seizures, cognitive impairment

Question 78

What are association areas in the brain?

Answer 78

Brain region that receives input from more than one sensory modality

Question 79

The abundance of what brain regions determines intellectual capacity?

Answer 79

Association areas

Question 80

What does the abundance of association areas determine?

Answer 80

Intellectual capacity

Question 81

How do association areas aid our perception?

Answer 81

Enable us to interact with our environment effectively whilst supporting abstract thinking and language

Question 82

What function does the association area in the parietal cortex have?

Answer 82

Responding to stimuli in both external and internal environment

Question 83

What function does the association area in the temporal cortex have?

Answer 83

Identifying nature of stimuli

Question 84

What function does the association area in the frontal cortex have?

Answer 84

Planning appropriate responses to stimuli

Question 85

The combination of association areas allows for what higher-order function?

Answer 85

Cognition

Question 86

What is the term for functional differences between left and right hemispheres?

Answer 86

Hemispheric lateralisation

Question 87

What is hemispheric lateralisation?

Answer 87

Functional differences between left and right hemispheres

Question 88

In most people, which cerebral hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere?

Answer 88

Left hemisphere

Question 89

What does the left hemisphere control as the dominant hemisphere (for most people)?

Answer 89

Reading, writing, math, decision-making, logic, speech and language

Question 90

What does the right cerebral hemisphere control (for most people)?

Answer 90

Recognition of faces and voices, visual/spatial reasoning, emotion